Long projections from the brainstem to the lumbar cord activate locomotion. Using in vitro neonatal rats our laboratory showed that relay (propriospinal - PS) neurons also contribute to transmission of the locomotor signal. This thesis examines whether locomotor-related PS neurons exist in adult mammals, which has important clinical implications. The brainstem of adult decerebrate rats was stimulated to elicit stepping. The following manipulations were performed: 1) suppression of synaptic transmission to PS neurons, 2) lesioning of direct bulbospinal projections to lumbar segments, and 3) neurochemical excitation of PS neurons. In addition, in the absence of brainstem stimulation, the ability of neurochemically excited PS neurons to induce stepping was examined. Brainstem-evoked locomotion was suppressed by synaptic blockade, enhanced by PS neuron excitation, persists after lesioning of long-direct projections, and hindlimb stepping was elicited by PS neuron excitation alone. The findings support the existence of a locomotor-related PS system in adult mammals. / October 2016

La Sclérose Latérale Amyotrophique est une maladie neurodégénérative de l'adulte caractérisée par la perte des neurones moteurs. Considérée comme une maladie affectant uniquement les voies motrices, des études ont apporté des preuves de l'atteinte précoce et parallèle des voies sensitives mais également des interneurones, pouvant précéder et mener à l'hyperexcitation des neurones moteurs. Bien que l'activité des motoneurones soit étroitement associée à celle des afférences sensitives et des interneurones, l'effet de ces derniers sur l'excitation des motoneurones et leur participation à la propagation des atteintes n'ont jamais été étudiées dans la maladie. Le but de cette thèse était d'une part, de confirmer et de caractériser anatomiquement et fonctionnellement les atteintes sensitives au niveau spinal et cortical chez les patients au stade précoce de la maladie et, d'autre part, d'évaluer l'effet induit par de tels influx sur l'activité des motoneurones mais également à travers des interneurones de la moelle cervicale et lombaire. L'originalité du projet de recherche était de se focaliser sur des muscles proximaux cliniquement non-atteints dont les motoneurones " pré-symptomatiques " reçoivent des influx sensitifs provenant de muscles distaux cliniquement atteints. Nous avons montré que : 1) malgré leur réduction, les afférences sensitives induisent l'hyperexcitation des motoneurones ; 2) l'état et l'excitabilité de ces noyaux moteurs sont inchangés à travers les afférences corticospinales alors qu'ils sont hyperexcités par les afférences périphériques ; 3) l'activité du système propriospinal cervical et lombaire, ainsi que l'inhibition récurrente sont renforcées. / Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis is an adulthood neurodegenerative disease characterized by loss of motor neurons. Considered as a purely motor pathways disease, some investigations brought evidences for early and parallel sensory pathway impairments and for interneuron impairments that could precede and lead to motor neuron hyperexcitation. Although motoneuron activity is closely associated to sensory afferents and interneurons, their effects onto motoneuron excitation and their involvement in impairment spreading have not been studied yet. The aim of this thesis was on one hand, to confirm and characterize anatomically and functionally sensory impairment at spinal and cortical level in patients at the early stage of the disease and, on the other hand, to assess effects induced by these inputs onto motoneuron activity and through cervical and lumbar interneurons. Research project originality was to focus on proximal muscles clinically unaffected of which « presymptomatic » motoneurons receive sensory inputs from distal muscles clinically affected. We showed that: 1) despite their reduction, sensory inputs induce an hyperexcitation of motoneurons; 2) excitability and state of these motoneuron pools are normal through corticospinal afferents but are hyperexcited by peripheral afferents; 3) activity of cervical and lumbar propriospinal system and recurrent inhibition are reinforced.

Greater than 50% of all spinal cord injuries (SCIs) in humans occur at the cervical level and the biggest desire of quadriplegic patients is recovery of hand and digit function. Several weeks after spinal cord injury, re-organization and re-modeling of spared endogenous pathways occurs and plasticity of both supraspinal and interneuronal networks are believed to mediate functional recovery. Propriospinal interneurons (PNs) are neurons found entirely in the spinal cord with axons projecting to different spinal segments. PNs function by modulating locomotion, integrating supraspinal motor pathways and peripheral sensory afferents. Recent studies have postulated that if PNs are spared following SCI, these neurons can contribute to functional recovery by establishing synaptic connections onto motor neurons. However, to what extent cervical PNs are involved in recovery of reaching behavior is not known. In our first study, we generated a lentiviral vector that permits highly efficient retrograde transport (HiRet) upon uptake at synaptic terminals in order to map supraspinal and interneuronal populations terminating near forelimb motoneurons (MNs) innervating the limb. With this vector, we found neurons labeled within the C3-C4 spinal cord and in the red nucleus, two major populations which are known to modulate forelimb reaching behavior. We also proceeded to use a novel two-viral vector method to specifically label ipsilateral C3-C4 PNs with tetracycline-inducible GFP. Histological analysis showed detailed labeling of somas, dendrites along with axon terminals. Based on this data, we proceeded to determine the contribution of C3-C4 PNs and rubrospinal neurons on forelimb reaching and grasping before and after cervical SCI. In our second study, we have examined a double-infection technique for shutdown of PNs and rubrospinal neurons (RSNs) in adult rats. Adult rats were microinjected with a lentiviral vector expressing tetracycline-inducible inhibitory DREADDs into C6-T1 spinal levels. Adeno-associated viral vectors (AAV2) expressing TetON mixed with GIRK2 were injected into the red nucleus and C3-C4 spinal levels respectively. Rats were tested for deficits in reaching behaviors upon application of doxycycline and clozapine-n-oxide (CNO) administration. No behavioral deficits were observed pre-injury. Rats then received a C5 spinal cord lesion to sever cortical input to forelimb motoneurons and were allowed four weeks to spontaneously recover. Upon re-administration of CNO to activate inhibitory DREADDs, deficits were observed in forelimb reaching. Histological analysis of the C3-C4 spinal cord and red nucleus showed DREADD+ neurons co-expressing GIRK2 in somas and dendrites of PNs and RSNs. PN terminals expressing DREADD were observed near C6-T1 motoneurons and in the brainstem. Control animals did not show substantial deficits with CNO administration. These results indicate both rubro- and propriospinal pathways are necessary for recovery of forelimb reaching. In a separate study, we sought to determine if promoting severed CST sprouting rostral to a C5 lesion near C3-C4 PNs could improve behavioral recovery post SCI. Past studies have examined sprouting and regeneration of corticospinal tract (CST) fibers post-cervical SCI through viral upregulation of key components of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR cascade. We examined the regenerative growth potential of CST fibers that are transduced with AAV2 expressing constituively active Akt3 or STAT3 both separately and in combination (Akt3 + STAT3). We have observed significant increases in CST axonal sprouting and regeneration in Akt3 and Akt3 + STAT3 transduced samples. However, no recovery was observed as animals transduced with viral constitutively active Akt3 displayed an epileptic phenotype. Further, epileptic animals with constitutively active Akt3 were found to have significant cortical neuron cell hypertrophy, activatived astrogliosis, increased dendritic arbors and hemimegencephalitis (HME). These results indicate a new model for examining mechanisms of HME and mTOR hyperactivity-induced epilepsy in adult rodents. / Biomedical Sciences

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / After spinal cord injury (SCI), poor axonal regeneration of the central nervous system, which mainly attributed to glial scar and low intrinsic regenerating capacity of severely injured neurons, causes limited functional recovery. Combinatory strategy has been applied to target multiple mechanisms. Schwann cells (SCs) have been explored as promising donors for transplantation to promote axonal regeneration. Among the central neurons, descending propriospinal neurons (DPSN) displayed the impressive regeneration response to SCs graft. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), which receptor is widely expressed in nervous system, possesses the ability to promote neuronal survival, axonal regeneration/sprouting, remyelination, synaptic formation and modulate the glial response. We constructed a novel axonal permissive pathway in rat model of thoracic complete transection injury by grafting SCs over-expressing GDNF (SCs-GDNF) both inside and caudal to the lesion gap. Behavior evaluation and histological analyses have been applied to this study. Our results indicated that tremendous DPSN axons as well as brain stem axons regenerated across the lesion gap back to the caudal spinal cord. In addition to direct promotion on axonal regeneration, GDNF also significantly improved the astroglial environment around the lesion. These regenerations caused motor functional recovery. The dendritic plasticity of axotomized DPSN also contributed to the functional recovery. We applied a G-mutated rabies virus (G-Rabies) co-expressing green fluorescence protein (GFP) to reveal Golgi-like dendritic morphology of DPSNs and its response to axotomy injury and GDNF treatment. We also investigated the neurotransmitters phenotype of FluoroGold (FG) labeled DPSNs. Our results indicated that over 90 percent of FG-labeled DPSNs were glutamatergic neurons. DPSNs in sham animals had a predominantly dorsal-ventral distribution of dendrites. Transection injury resulted in alterations in the dendritic distribution, with dorsal-ventral retraction and lateral-medial extension of dendrites. Treatment with GDNF significantly increased the terminal dendritic length of DPSNs. The density of spine-like structures was increased after injury and treatment with GDNF enhanced this effect.