Child sexual abuse is a heinous crime. It consists of a variety of pernicious practices which include, but are not limited to, online child pornography, rape and incest. Globally, an estimated 15 million female adolescents have been coerced into sex during their lifetime, whilst the figure for boys is unknown.1 In many instances, this crime is perpetrated by those who are closest to the victims. Child victims may be severely traumatised and as a result become dysfunctional members of society. Child sexual abuse harms the very fabric of society and society thus pays a heavy price for continuing to tolerate this crime. As such, as this crime predominantly takes place behind closed doors and victims only very rarely report cases,2 a comprehensive legislative and policy approach must be adopted in order to effectively combat child sexual abuse. Legislators around the world as well as the international community must therefore make combating child sexual abuse a priority. However, the question arises whether there exist difficulties and weaknesses within international law which contribute to the persistent problem of child sexual abuse. Accordingly, this research probes whether international law accords adequate protection to the rights of the children and, if not, whether it fails to adequately protect children from sexual abuse. For this purpose, a detailed examination of relevant UAE laws is undertaken in the form of a case study. It is argued that international law has failed to clearly establish norms and also lacks enforcement mechanisms. The main international instrument, the Convention on the Rights of the Child, fails to determine the age of the child. Instead, it empowers domestic law to do this. Other shortcomings also limit the effectiveness of international law, particularly implementation issues. In the context of the UAE, the fundamental problem is that cultural values entrenched in Islamic criminal and family law have not shown an understanding of the child sexual abuse paradigm. Instead, the honour ideology has been reinforced.

Thesis (M.A.)--Boise State University, 2009. / Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 138-143).

Thesis (M.A.)--Boise State University, 2009. / Title from t.p. of PDF file (viewed May 13, 2010). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 138-143).

With the rapid growth of the internet and digital media techniques over the last decade, multimedia data such as images, video and audio can easily be copied, altered and distributed over the internet without any loss in quality. Therefore, protection of ownership of multimedia data has become a very significant and challenging issue. Three novel image watermarking algorithms have been designed and implemented for copyright protection. The first proposed algorithm is based on embedding multiple watermarks in the blue channel of colour images to achieve more robustness against attacks. The second proposed algorithm aims to achieve better trade-offs between imperceptibility and robustness requirements of a digital watermarking system. It embeds a watermark in adaptive manner via classification of DCT blocks with three levels: smooth, edges and texture, implemented in the DCT domain by analyzing the values of AC coefficients. The third algorithm aims to achieve robustness against geometric attacks, which can desynchronize the location of the watermark and hence cause incorrect watermark detection. It uses geometrically invariant feature points and image normalization to overcome the problem of synchronization errors caused by geometric attacks. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithms are robust and outperform related techniques found in literature.

The thesis contains a historical overview of the origin and development institute of protection of the rights of third parties in enforcement proceedings. In this section, the focus is on the period of the Roman Empire and then follows the development from the 19th century untiltoday. The fundamental part of the work focuses on the description of the current state of enforcement proceedings under the Act no. 120/2001 Coll. The Executors and Execution, his status in the legal order of the Czech Republic, the basic principles of management and everything in relation to the protection of the rights of third parties in enforcement proceedings. Distributes third party to various groups and describes their rights and obligations under the legislation. It focuses on the means of protection and defense. In conclusion provides an overview of the most important novels enforceable rights in relation.

My diploma thesis deals with the issue of owner occupied housing in the Czech Republic. Attention is paid to the general importance of the provision of housing with emphasis on the social, economic and especially the legal aspects with respect to the rights that are granted by the Constitution and the Bill of Rights. It describes in brief the development of flat ownership since the 60's and the role of the state in the housing policy, particularly with the aim to bring attention to the existing legal regulation of this area -- the Flat Ownership Act. The main part of the thesis focuses on the legal regulation of flat ownership which draws on the dualistic concept of house co-ownership and the related ownership of a housing unit (apartment or non-residential area). Emphasis is put on the legal status of flat owners, the summary of rights and obligations that arise from ownership of a flat as a specific subject of property ownership. The ways in which flat ownership rights are formed are presented with regard to the consequences of the ownership rights being entered in the Land Registry. The creation, operation and the position of a Home Owners Association, a body corporate, which is established by law to manage dwelling houses, is presented particularly in relation to a specific flat owner. In this respect, as well as in other sections, the thesis follows the practice of the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court that has considerable effect on the interpretation of law and the protection of rights and obligations pertaining to particular owners in exercising their property rights.

Submitted by Maria Aparecida (cidazen@gmail.com) on 2017-09-26T12:10:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao-LuisAntonioCamaraPedrosa.pdf: 1075938 bytes, checksum: bd5be4f60fe72ebf1d5410d8f381646e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-26T12:10:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao-LuisAntonioCamaraPedrosa.pdf: 1075938 bytes, checksum: bd5be4f60fe72ebf1d5410d8f381646e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-23 / Estudio sobre la construcción política del Programa de Protección de Víctimas y Testigos - Provita de la experiencia de la Organización No Gubernamental Sociedad Maranhense para los Derechos Humanos. Aborda la perspectiva de los derechos humanos que va más allá de la vista meramente normativo y formalista des cribe la evolución de la lucha por los derechos humanos en Brasil desde el movimiento de resistencia a la dictadura militar del nuevo modelo constitucional de la participación social a través de los consejos, la apertura de oportunidades para la estrategia doble intervención de las ONG que combinan la presión social y la conquista del espacio dentro de las instituciones. Aprueba el paradigma de análisis de la experien cia concreta de Maranhão Sociedad de Derechos Humanos - SMDH, lo que re fleja un campo político de la actividad en la que la estrategia de intervención derechos humanos busca superar el acoso de las políticas neoliberales para reafirmar la necesidad de transformar la realidad a través de la democratización de la Estado . Hace que el enfoque de los límites y posibilidades de la estrategia de intervención de la sociedad civil en la protección de la política de la comprensión de la complejidad de la situación y el fenómeno criminológico de una hegemonía cultural p enal del tipo de clima represivo, la clase funcional de formulaciones legales de pertenencia. Justifica la necesidad de un nuevo marco legal para PROVITA como parte de la estrategia mediante la redefinición de los roles de Estado y de la sociedad civil, fundamental para la democracia, lo que requiere un acceso transparente a los recursos públicos como un factor determinante para la supervivencia de la autonomía de las organizaciones sociales activas en el ámbito público. / Study on the political construction of the Program for the Protection of Victims and Witnesses - PROVITA from the experience of the Governmental Maranhense Society of Human Rights. Addresses the perspectiv The human rights that goes beyond the merely normative vision of and formalist Describes the trajectory of the struggles for human rights in Brazil since the to resistance to the military dictatorship until the new constitutional model of social participation through the boards, opening up the opportunity for the strategy plice of intervention of NGOs combining social pressure and the conquest of spaces within of institutionality. It adopts as paradigm of the analysis the cation of the Maranhense Society of Human Rights - SMDH, reflecting a political field in human rights whose intervention strategy seeks to rar harassment of neoliberal policies to reaffirm the need for gives reality through the democratization of the state. Do the approach d the limits and possibilities of the intervention strategy of civil society in politics in protection from the understanding of the complexity of the State and oomen criminology in a context of hegemony of the repressiv-type criminal culture O, to class membership of legal formulations. It bases the the need for a new legal framework for PROVITA as part of the gives redefinition of roles between the State and civil society, fundamental to the democracy, which requires transparency in access to public funds such as tor determinant for the survival of the autonomy of active social organizations s in the public arena. / Estudo sobre a construção política do Programa de Proteção a Vítimas e Testemunhas - PROVITA a partir da experiência da Organização Não Governamental Sociedade Maranhense de Direitos Humanos. Aborda a perspectiv a dos direitos humanos que ultrapassa a visão meramente normativa e formalista Descreve a trajetória das lutas por direitos humanos no Brasil desde o movimen to de resistência à ditadura militar até o novo modelo constitucional de participação social por intermédio dos conselhos, abrindo oportunidade para a estratégia dú plice de intervenção das ONGs combinando pressão social e a conquista de espaços dentro da institucionalidade. Adota como paradigma da análise a experiên cia concreta da Sociedade Maranhense de Direitos Humanos – SMDH, refletindo um campo político de atuação em direitos humanos cuja estratégia de intervenção busca supe rar o assédio das políticas neoliberais para reafirmar a necessidade de transformação da realidade por intermédio da democratização do Estado. Faz a abordagem d os limites e possibilidades da estratégia de intervenção da sociedade civil na política de proteção a partir da compreensão da complexidade do Estado e do fen ômeno criminológico numa conjuntura de hegemonia da cultura penal do tipo repressiv o, funcional ao pertencimento de classe das formulações legais. Fundamenta a necessidade de um novo marco legal para o PROVITA como parte da estratégia da redefinição dos papéis entre Estado e sociedade civil, fundamental para a democracia, que exige transparência no acesso a fundos públicos como fa tor determinante para a sobrevivência da autonomia de organizações sociais atuante s na arena pública.

This study explores the childhood experiences and transitions to adulthood of 39 Romanian care leavers and adoptees, born around 1989 - 1990. In the past, Romania's children in care became known to the world as 'the Romanian orphans' and some of them have been subjects to neurodevelopmental research studies focusing on the setbacks posed by institutionalisation in early life. This research project takes a different angle by: • Using life history approach and therefore capturing the participants' in-depth accounts of how they recall their childhoods and the challenges they encountered in their transition to independent life; • Exploring four different types of placements and how they affect transition to independent life, from a user's perspective. The fact that Romania undertook reform of the child protection system within the timespan of this generation of children provided a research opportunity to collect the users' views on different types of placement that belonged to the unreformed system of the 1990s (large residential care and intercountry adoption) and the new types of placement (small group homes and foster care). For comparison purposes, I also included domestic adoption, a type of placement that was less controversial than the others at the time reforms were being introduced. Thus, the types of placement that are analysed through the research participants' accounts are: • Residential care (institutions and small group homes); • Foster Care; • Domestic Adoption; • Intercountry adoption. The study addressed two research questions: 1. How do Romanian born young people who grew up in care understand and narrate their experiences in different types of placement? 2. What narratives of agency are constructed by Romanian-born adults who grew up in different types of placement when they describe their transition to adulthood? By taking an interpretive stance, this study brings in the academic arena the voices of care leavers and adoptees. By using narrative analysis and focussing on the concept of dignity by employing identity theories, the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Capabilities Approach, the study makes an important contribution to knowledge, with implications for further research, policy and practice. While interventions in child protection are influenced in each country by cultural, political and socio-legal factors, understanding the basic needs of children who are not raised by their birth families is important across different child protection systems. Therefore, the relevance of the research findings is not limited to Romania.

Over fifty ethnic minority groups living in Bangladesh collectively demand recognition of Indigenous identity, but Bangladesh does not constitutionally recognize this identity. Historically, they experienced marginalization, discrimination, and oppression at the hands of the establishment and the political elite, including the majority. They face challenges to maintain their distinct society alongside the majority. Moreover, there is a dilemma between the concept of “indigenous people” and “small ethnic minority groups”. With this context, this dissertation concerns the topics of indigeneity, recognition, and ethnic minority rights in Bangladesh. This thesis aims to investigate the discourse of indigenous identity in Bangladesh, analyze how ethnic minority communities experience social, traditional, cultural, and political life within and outside of their community, and discuss how ethnic minority communities can maintain themselves as distinct societies. This thesis focuses on qualitative research methodology. The primary data was collected through semi-structured individual and group interviews with open-ended descriptive questions.              Besides the research problems and aims, the first chapter focuses on the research questions and explains why Bangladesh was selected as a case study for this thesis. The second chapter of this thesis focuses on the literature review. This portion of the essay examines the literature to determine what is already known in the field, identify research methods and techniques, highlight important concepts, conclusions, and theories, and identify any gaps in the articles. This section also investigates whether there is any ambivalence between the terms “indigenous” and “small ethnic groups” in academia. The third Chapter discusses methods and methodology. Then, chapter four presents an overview of the theoretical framework based on Kymlicka's liberal theory of minority rights. The fifth chapter investigates a discourse on indigenous identity in Bangladesh. In the sixth section, based on the theoretical framework, this thesis analyses findings from the data and connects them with essential international instruments and national legal policy and framework. In conclusion, this thesis summarizes the findings. In concluding remarks, it offers insights into what needs to be changed or improved in the legal framework and policies to support the cultural rights of minority ethnic communities to maintain themselves as a distinct society.

This thesis deals with performance of law protection function and a subsequent recoverability in the field of debt collection. The subject of this work is to compare debt collection effectiveness via judicial proceedings and private entities. Exercise of judicial power is one of the basic functions of the State; however, given the knowledge of the low success of the recovery procedure, it is extended to alternative methods of dispute resolution. Private executors focusing on exercising judicial power, debt collection agencies dealing primarily with extrajudicial debt collection and arbitration facilitating extrajudicial dispute resolution by means of independent arbitrators all provide other means of law enforcement. This work focuses on and analysis of the above mentioned systems and comparison of their effectiveness with regard to their efficiency and success when attempting to protect creditors' rights. The aim of the mentioned comparison is to prove a debt collection efficiency increase caused by an entry of private entities into the market (alternative ways of dispute resolution).