STUDENT NUMBER: 0407481N SCHOOL FOR HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES MASTER OF ARTS IN FORCED MIGRATION STUDIES / Proponents of migrants rights often posit that distinct legislation not only secure migrants rights in host countries, but also enhance the ideals of liberal democracies in which policing is regulated by the rule of law, impartiality and respect for due process. The potential for discrimination by host communities to some categories of migrants is deemed to underscore the importance of migration laws. Critics argue that such laws undermine the very rights they are supposed to protect in that they set different standards for the treatment of migrants. In this study, based on evidence from research with Somali migrants in Johannesburg, South Africa, study I argue that legal documents as evidence of legal status have little significance in the policing of migrants. This paradox can be explained by three main reasons; first, the issuance, retention and renewal of these documents is characterized by irregularities and corruption that undermine the legitimacy of the document, giving the police enough grounds for suspicion. Second the political and social context in which policing of migrants is done undermines the significance of their legal status. The anti-migration sentiment among the nationals effectively sets different standards for policing of migrants. Third, the legal framework gives the police the dual and potentially conflicting responsibilities of regulating migration on the one hand and protecting migrants on the other hand. The police have taken their regulation responsibility to be synonymous with that of gate-keeping whereby migrants are separated and denied access to government services. This role of gate – keeping is manipulated by the police for their own ends while citizens and politicians directly or indirectly sanction their extra-legal actions when dealing with migrants.

Com a liberação do uso da energia nuclear para aplicações pacíficas, a Comissão Internacional de Proteção Radiológica, CIPR, fundada em 1928, criou em 1958 um sistema de proteção às doses de radiação ionizante indesejáveis causadas aos trabalhadores, indivíduos de público e meio-ambiente para viabilizar a introdução dessas aplicações. Esse sistema de proteção é adotado pelo Organismo Internacional de Energia Atômica, OIEA, que publica recomendações em séries de segurança, SS e pela Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear, CNEN, que publica regulamentações em normas. Essas recomendações internacionais e regulamentações nacionais passaram por adaptações e necessitam ser aplicadas dessa forma. O presente trabalho utiliza recomendações da publicação 75 da CIPR, da publicação 115 da SS e regulamentações da norma NN 3.01 da CNEN para apresentar, através de medidas de radioproteção, o controle das doses de radiação ionizante para trabalhadores em uma instalação radiativa que trabalha com pesquisa, produção, fracionamento e embalagem de fontes não-seladas para uso clínico. Dessa forma, é possível prevenir adequadamente as doses indesejáveis e confirmar as doses recebidas. / With the liberation of the use of the nuclear energy for peaceful applications, International Commission Radiological Protection, ICRP, founded in 1928, created a system of protection of the undesirable doses of ionizing radiation in 1958. This has been received by workers, members of the public and environment and hence it became possible for the introduction of these applications. This protection system is adopted by the International Agency of Energy Atomic, IAEA, that publishes recommendations in safety series, SS and by the Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear, CNEN, which publishes these regulations. The international recommendations and national regulations were adapted and they need to be applied in this way. The present paper uses recommendations of the publication 75 from ICRP, of the publication 115 from SS and regulations of the regulation NN 3.01 from CNEN to present, through radiological protection measures, the ionizing radiation dose control for workers in a nuclear plant that works in the research, production, division and packing of unsealed sources to be used in clinical applications. In that way it is possible to prevent appropriately the undesirable doses and to confirm the received doses.

The advance of information technologies has enabled various organizations (e.g., census agencies, hospitals) to collect large volumes of sensitive personal data (e.g., census data, medical records). Due to the great research value of such data, it is often released for public benefit purposes, which, however, poses a risk to individual privacy. A typical solution to this problem is to anonymize the data before releasing it to the public. In particular, the anonymization should be conducted in a careful manner, such that the published data not only prevents an adversary from inferring sensitive information, but also remains useful for data analysis. / This thesis prevents an extensive study on the anonymization techniques for privacy preserving data publishing. We explore various aspects of the problem (e.g., definitions of privacy, modeling of the adversary, methodologies of anonymization), and devise novel solutions that address several important issues overlooked by previous work. Experiments with real-world data confirm the effectiveness and efficiency of our techniques. / Xiao, Xiaokui. / Adviser: Yufei Yao. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-06, Section: B, page: 3618. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 307-314). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

by Shum Kwan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 30-32). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgement --- p.ii / Abstract --- p.iii / □ □ --- p.iv / Chapter 1 . --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction to topic --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- What is proxy signature? --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- Terminologies in proxy signature --- p.2 / Chapter 1.4 --- Levels of delegation --- p.3 / Chapter 1.5 --- Previous work on Proxy Signature --- p.4 / Chapter 1.6 --- Our Contributions --- p.4 / Chapter 1.7 --- Thesis Organization --- p.4 / Chapter 2. --- Backgroun d --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1 --- Digital Signature --- p.6 / Chapter 2.2 --- Digital Certificate and CA --- p.6 / Chapter 2.3 --- Hash Functions --- p.7 / Chapter 2.4 --- Bit commitment --- p.7 / Chapter 3. --- Brief introduction to Our Result --- p.8 / Chapter 3.1 --- A Proxy Signature Scheme with Proxy Signer Privacy Protection --- p.8 / Chapter 3.2 --- Applications of Proxy Signature --- p.9 / Chapter 4. --- Detail Explanation of Certified Alias and its Application on Proxy Signature --- p.10 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.10 / Chapter 4.2 --- Protecting Signer Privacy Using Certified Alias Definition 4.2.3 --- p.10 / Chapter 4.3 --- Constructing Proxy signature Scheme by Consecutive Execution of Cryptographic Primitives (Scheme CE) --- p.11 / Chapter 4.4 --- Constructing Proxy signature Scheme by Direct Form Equations (Scheme DF) --- p.15 / Chapter 4.5 --- Comparison between scheme CE and scheme DF --- p.19 / Chapter 4.6 --- Chapter Summary --- p.20 / Chapter 5 . --- Applications of Proxy Signature with Proxy Signer Privacy Protection --- p.21 / Chapter 5.1 --- Secure Mobile agent Signature with Itinerary Privacy --- p.21 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Introduction to Mobile Agent --- p.21 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- "Review on Lee, et al. strong non-designated proxy signature scheme for mobile agents" --- p.21 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- Constructing Signature scheme for Mobile Agent using Proxy signature with Proxy Signer Privacy Protection --- p.22 / Chapter 5.1.4 --- Remarks --- p.23 / Chapter 5.2 --- Group Signature with Unlimited Group Size --- p.24 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Introduction to group signature --- p.24 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Constructing group signature scheme using certified alias --- p.24 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Remarks --- p.26 / Chapter 5.3 --- Chapter Summary --- p.27 / Chapter 6. --- Conclusions --- p.28 / Appendix: Paper derived from this thesis --- p.29 / Bibliography --- p.30

This thesis seeks to examine the status of retail investors’ protection in the Hellenic legal order, under the light of EU law; focusing on investment firm failure as a result of tort, it investigates whether the EU and Hellenic normative systems aim at and achieve effective protection of retail investors. It explores in particular the issue of ex lege liability of compensation schemes and the issue of non-contractual liability of supervisory authorities. In case of intermediary failure the minimum protection is awarded by EU law in the form of ex lege compensation does not establish a coherent system, and the legal status of retail investors vis-à-vis depositors remains uncertain in many respects. The ECJ has denied application of the acquis on individual protection to depositors in Peter Paul, with regard to non-contractual liability of supervisors, but the application of its reasoning in the area of investment services is doubtful. The new EU finance law and architecture does not fundamentally affect these conclusions. On the other hand, retail investor protection may validly be considered as an autonomous aim of finance law in the Hellenic legal order. Despite inefficiencies connected also to the structure of relevant EU rules transposed, and despite the incoherence of the various national rules on the liquidation of financial intermediaries and the operation of compensation schemes –in particular with regard to claim verification– yet effective protection of retail investors may a priori be achieved through the existing national judicial mechanism. This dynamic is demonstrated by recent case-law on protection of retail investors in the context of ex lege compensation; yet it seems to lessen in the area of non-contractual liability of supervisors. Even though ex lege immunity of supervisors has been denied by case-law, the effectiveness of protection has been mitigated by the strict substantive criteria formulated.

The Government of Thailand decided recently to introduce a legal system for the protection of plant variety right (PVR) in order to meet its commitment under the TRIPs agreement (part of the WTO agreement) to protect new varieties of plants. Having taken this significant decision - although in reality the decision was probably little more than a formality because of the TRIPs commitment - the government must assess the likely impact of PVR on public and private interests in Thailand and, in the light of that assessment, construct a PVR system suited to the country's particular needs (so far as these can be envisaged). The likely impact of the government's decision and the choice to be made constitute the backbone of this thesis as well as its prime focus. A PVR system is intended primarily to promote invention and innovation in the field of plant breeding. Whether the availability of PVR in Thailand will achieve those objectives cannot be said at this point. Studies carried out in countries with mature PVR systems claim, despite the lack of any solid evidence on which to found the claims, that PVR systems have certain positive or beneficial effects, for example more varieties giving higher yields and better adapted to growing conditions. On the other hand, some commentators believe that these benefits result from other factors, in particular technological advances (for example, improvements in cultivation and management of commercial crops). This thesis concludes that the availability or grant of PVR in Thailand will not have any radical impact on public and private interests there. At present, plant breeding and seed production are carried out by public and private sectors. Available data on seed production and consumption indicate the need for more investment in plant breeding and seed production, particularly in the private sector. A PVR system is unlikely to encourage breeders or producers to invest more because the availability of PVR is not a vital determinant in investment decisions. Fortunately. as far as can be seen at present, a PVR system is unlikely to have negative effects, e. g. seed price rises, obstacles to technological development or environmental dangers. In considering the most appropriate system, the major factors to be assessed are economic impact, existing political commitment, and practicality. The government should adopt the system established by the 1978 UPOV Convention, in preference to the 1991 Convention, because the earlier Convention is the more appropriate for Thailand's developmental needs.

The growing awareness of the inadequacy of international law as a means of addressing current environmental problems has led to calls for a new approach. In view of the links between the protection of the environment and the protection of human rights, according to the Stockholm Declaration of the United Nations Conference 1972, one such approach has been to focus on the development of international human rights law concepts and mechanisms to address environmental concerns. This thesis assesses the possible approaches and the limitations of the protection of the human rights to a healthy environment under the International Bill of Rights. The current international human rights law does not expressly provide for the human rights to a healthy environment. The thesis considers how the environment may be protected both through the application of presently accepted human rights and through the establishment of new human rights to a healthy environment. This thesis goes on to discuss the relationship between the international human rights law and the international environmental law, thereby giving an example of regime interaction. This is of strategic importance to understanding the meeting point of the two areas of law in this thesis. The need for sustainable development and the challenge of climate change have come to the fore and they both give urgency to the need for a human rights approach for the protection of the environment. There are concerns about whether there is a need for the provision of the human rights to a healthy environment in the international human rights law as existing rights are considered robust in themselves to protect the environment. This thesis will investigate the claim whether there are currently binding human rights to a healthy environment under the international law while building a solid argument on the need for a Convention on the human rights to a healthy environment. The thesis addresses the doctrinal and conceptual issues challenging the institutionalisation of the human rights to a healthy environment in the international human rights law. The thesis makes a case on the need for a Convention on the Human Rights to a Healthy Environment. It bolsters the point that the human rights to a healthy environment are long due; however what is lacking, is the doctrinal precision on the best way to institutionalise these rights. The research will attempt to proffer a proposal on the way forward by providing the institutional framework of the rights in a Convention. Before that, there is the need to discuss and settle several other possibilities and their limitations for the protection of the said human rights to a healthy environment. The proposed Convention could serve as a channel to offer a more coordinated, detailed, and well-documented approach for dealing with the linkages between human rights and the environment, as opposed to the fragmented approaches adopted across national and regional levels.

Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Since nearly two decades threats to public security through events such as 9/11, the Madrid (2004) and London (2005) bombings and more recently the Paris attacks (2015) resulted in the adoption of a plethora of national and EU measures aiming at fighting terrorism and serious crime. In addition, the Snowden revelations brought the privacy and data protection implications of these public security measures into the spotlight. In this highly contentious context, three EU data retention and access measures have been introduced for the purpose of fighting serious crime and terrorism: The Data Retention Directive (DRD), the EU-US PNR Agreement and the EU-US SWIFT Agreement. All three regimes went through several revisions (SWIFT, PNR) or have been annulled (DRD) exemplifying the difficulty of determining how privacy and data protection ought to be protected in the context of public security. The trigger for this research is to understand the underlying causes of these difficulties by examining the problem from different angles. The thesis applies the theory of 'New Institutionalism' (NI) which allows both a political and legal analysis of privacy and data protection in the public security context. According to NI, 'institutions' are defined as the operational framework in which actors interact and they steer the behaviours of the latter in the policy-making cycle. By focusing on the three data retention and access regimes, the aim of this thesis is to examine how the EU 'institutional framework' shapes data protection and privacy in regard to data retention and access measures in the public security context. Answering this research question the thesis puts forward three main hypotheses: (i) privacy and data protection in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice (AFSJ) is an institutional framework in transition where historic and new features determine how Articles 7 and 8 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (CFREU) are shaped; (ii) policy outcomes on Articles 7 and 8 CFREU are influenced by actors' strategic preferences pursued in the legislation-making process; and (iii) privacy and data protection are framed by the evolution of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) from a 'legal basis arbiter' to a political actor in its own right as a result of the constitutional changes brought by the Lisbon Treaty.