• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 3
  • Tagged with
  • 4
  • 4
  • 3
  • 3
  • 3
  • 3
  • 2
  • 2
  • 2
  • 2
  • 2
  • 2
  • 2
  • 2
  • 1
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Does selection for production traits affect the ability to cope with pathogens?

Coltherd, Jennifer Carolyn January 2011 (has links)
Phenotypic selection for production traits causes changes in the underlying genetics of the animal. As such, intensive selection on one trait may have consequences on other traits. Indeed alterations to traits seemingly unrelated to the desirable trait under selection have been documented, although the strength and direction have been inconsistent in livestock species. This leads to the question of how selection for growth may alter the ability to cope with pathogens, and whether because of its associated increase in nutrient requirements, improved nutrition could ameliorate any loss of resilience or resistance arising from this selection (Chapter One). This thesis uses a unique mouse line, divergently selected for low (Roslin low: ROL) and high (Roslin high: ROH) body weight and a chronic gastrointestinal nematode infection, Heligmosomoides bakeri, to address this question. Chapter 2 investigates the effects of dietary crude protein contents ranging from scarce to more than adequate on resilience and resistance traits of uninfected and primary infected ROH and ROL mice, using a fixed level of 250L3 as infection pressure. The data suggest that ROH mice had a greater penalty of infection on resilience, which was overcome by increased protein nutrition, and showed higher worm burdens and egg counts. Chapter 3 goes on to investigate the existence of a minimum parasite dose for the observation of loss of resilience and resistance during infection. Over a range of primary infection pressure from 0 to 250L3, it was found that an incoming parasite dose of 150L3 and over was required to reduce weight gain in ROH mice fed a low protein diet and that this loss in weight gain was ameliorated by increased protein nutrition. Resilience of ROL mice was not affected. It was also observed that worm burdens and egg counts of all mice reached a plateau at 150L3. Samples were taken for cytokine and chemokine analysis (Chapter 4) and data showed that the parasite infection did not polarise a Th2 type immune response as expected, whilst infection in ROL mice and ROH mice on low protein diets resulted in inflammatory immune response. Chapter 5 compares primary and secondary infection in ROH and ROL mice, finding that not only do ROH reduce weight gain in response to a primary and secondary infection during protein scarcity, they also show the greatest reduction in worm burdens and egg counts due to previous exposure. The data from this thesis, discussed in Chapter 6, suggests that intensive selection for high body weight can cause a loss of resilience that is sensitive to protein nutrition but that this may be due to a prioritisation of immunity over growth. Intensive selection for low body weight can cause a greater degree of resilience but cause a reduction in resistance to a pathogen challenge. Whilst this thesis therefore provides evidence that intensive selection, in either direction, can alter an animal‟s ability to cope with a pathogen challenge, future work using a non-selected control line is required to advance this hypothesis.
2

Rendimento industrial e valor nutricional de grãos de milho QPM e de grãos de gérmem de milho comum / Industrial yield and nutritional value of a qpm corn grain and the grain and germ of common maize

CASTRO, Maiza Vieira Leão de 14 July 2008 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:22:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maiza.pdf: 418262 bytes, checksum: def50a68e6b9cd3076fdcccbf779fb64 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-07-14 / Endosperm hardness is an essential attribute for producers and industries that using corn as a raw material. Kernel texture alterations, however, hamper the commercial use of Quality Protein Maize (QPM). In this experiment, industrial yield was compared in kernel degerming and endosperm splitting and the nutritional value of a QPM variety and common corn genotypes. One QPM variety and three commercial corn hybrids cultived in Goiás were studied. The QPM and the common corn hybrids were processed using the dry degerming method and the resulting yield was expressed as the ratio of the weight of the fractions obtained to the initial weight of the whole corn. The chemical composition and the amino acid profile of QPM, common corn and common corn germ were determined and an experiment with recently weaned Wistar rats was carried out. Four 7 %-protein and one nonprotein diet were prepared. Protein utilization was estimated using the DCF (Dietary Conversion Factor), NPR (Net Protein Ratio), True Digestibility, and the PDCAAS (Protein Digestibility- Corrected Amino Acid Score). In comparison with common corn, QPM presented lower endosperm yield, higher germ and fine fractions (< 0.5 mm) yield, and the same yield for hominy in endosperm splitting. QPM presented similar levels of proteins, lipids and ash, and higher levels of lysine, dietary fiber and iron in the germ in relation to common corn hybrids. NPR values for QPM diets and corn germ diets were similar, lower than the reference and above the NPR values of common corn. The DCF of the QPM diet was higher than that of the casein diet, but it was the same as that of common corn germ and lower than the value obtained for common corn. QPM and common corn germ presented a protein value (NPR) that was 72 % of the value for casein, while that of common corn was 60 % of the casein value. QPM and the germ fraction of common corn are good quality protein sources when compared to common corn protein, and they present a satisfactory yield for use in the food industry as raw materials which add nutritional value to the products generated / A dureza do endosperma do milho é atributo essencial para produtores e indústrias que utilizam este cereal como matéria-prima. Porém, os milhos de alta qualidade protéica (QPM) apresentam alterações na textura do grão, dificultando seu uso comercial. Este trabalho investigou o rendimento industrial, na degerminação do grão e no fracionamento do endosperma, e o valor nutricional, de uma variedade de milho QPM em relação a genótipos de milho comum comercializados em Goiás. Foi estudada uma variedade de milho QPM e três híbridos comerciais de milho comum, cultivados em Goiás. O milho QPM e os híbridos de milho comum foram processados utilizando método de degerminação a seco, e o rendimento resultante foi dado pela relação entre o peso das frações obtidas e o peso inicial do milho inteiro. Foi determinada a composição química e o perfil de aminoácidos do milho QPM, milho comum e do gérmen de milho comum, e realizado um experimento com ratos Wistar, recém-desmamados. Foram elaborados quatro dietas com 7 % de proteína e uma aprotéica. Estimou-se a utilização protéica mediante os índices: NPR (Net Protein Ratio), FCA (Fator de Conversão Alimentar), Digestibilidade Verdadeira, e PDCAAS (Protein Digestibility-Corrected Amino Acid Score). Em comparação ao milho comum, o milho QPM apresentou menor rendimento de endosperma, maior rendimento de gérmen e de frações finas (< 0,5 mm), e mesmo rendimento de canjica no fracionamento do endosperma. O milho QPM apresentou teores similares de proteínas, lipídios e cinzas, e maiores teores de fibra alimentar, de lisina, e de zinco e ferro (gérmen) em relação aos híbridos de milho comum. Os valores de NPR para as dietas com milho QPM e gérmen de milho comum foram semelhantes entre si, inferiores ao padrão, e superiores ao milho comum. A dieta QPM apresentou FCA maior que a dieta de caseína, porém foi menor que o milho comum, e igual ao gérmen de milho comum. O milho QPM e o gérmen de milho comum apresentaram valor protéico (em relação à caseína) de 72 %, enquanto que o milho comum apresentou valor de 60 %. O milho QPM e a fração gérmen de milho comum são fontes de proteína de melhor qualidade quando comparados ao milho comum e apresentam rendimento satisfatório para serem usados na indústria de alimentos como matérias-primas que agregam valor nutricional aos produtos gerados
3

PROTEÍNA BRUTA EM RAÇÕES PARA ALEVINOS DE TAMBAQUI E SUA REDUÇÃO COM SUPLEMENTAÇÃO DE AMINOÁCIDOS / CRUDE PROTEIN IN DIETS FOR fingerlings TAMBAQUI AND ITS REDUCTION WITH AMINO ACID SUPPLEMENTATION

Lima, Charlyan de Sousa 17 December 2013 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T17:11:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao CHARLYAN DE SOUSA LIMA.pdf: 1470206 bytes, checksum: c072b2a6b9776842cdb4885285689178 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-17 / FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA E AO DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTIFICO E TECNOLÓGICO DO MARANHÃO / The current study was aimed at evaluate the effect of dietary crude protein reduction with amino acids supplementation, based on the concept of ideal protein in diets for fingerling tambaqui (Colossama macropomum), two experiments were carried the research sector of fish nutrition of Center of Agrarian Sciences and Environmental of Federal University of Maranhão. The fingerlings were kept in 30 polythene tanks with capacity volume of 500 litres in recirculation system. Diets were supplied in five meals a day with duration of 45 days. Performance parameters, carcass yield, corporal composition, the daily protein and fat deposition rates and nitrogen retention efficiency of the fishes were evaluated. The first experiment was aimed to determine the requirement of crude protein (CP) for tambaqui fingerlings diets. 750 fingerlings were used with initial weight 0.35 ± 0.09 g, distributed in completely randomized design with six treatments, five repetitions and twenty five fish per experimental unit. The treatments had consisted of in six isocaloric, isocalcic and isophosphoric experimental diets, with different levels of CP (20, 24, 28, 32, 36 and 40%). We re not observed effects of crude protein levels on feed intake and carcass yield. Crude e protein consumption increased linearly and the protein efficiency ratio decreased linearly with the increase in levels of CP. The weight gain, feed conversion ratio and specific growth rate improved to the level of estimated 31.57, 28.90 and 31.12% of CP, respectively. Quadratic effect was observed in levels of CP on body fat, body fat deposition, body protein deposition of body protein and nitrogen retention efficiency showing estimated minimum level, in the first two, 26.55; 23.77; and maximum estimated, on the others, of 29.26; 32.50; 27.21% PB, respectively. It was concluded that the recommendation of crude protein diets for tambaqui fingerling is 31.57%, which corresponds to a digestible energy ratio (DE): CP of 9.50 kcal of DE/g CP, by providing better weight gain. The second experiment was aimed at evaluate the effect of the reduction of crude protein (CP) of the diet with amino acids supplementation, based on the ideal protein concept in diets of tambaqui fingerlings. 750 fingerlings were used with initial weight 0.44 ± 0.14 g, in completely randomized design with six treatments, five repetitions and twenty five fish per experimental unit. The treatments has consisted of six isocaloric, isocalcic, isophosphoric and isolysinic experimental diets, containing different levels of CP (32.0; 30.5; 29.0; 27.5; 26.0 and 24.5%). With the reduction of the levels of PB after 27.5% PB, observed an improvement in weight gain, in specific growth rate, feed conversion and protein efficiency rate. Feed intake was higher than at level 26.0% of CP, followed by 29.0 and 27.5% of CP, and the remaining levels not varied among themselves. Crude protein consumption reduced with the use of smaller CP content of diet and carcass yield was not influenced by the treatments. The reduction in the protein content of the feed did not influence body composition, protein deposition and body fat. Nitrogen retention efficiency was higher in levels of 26.0 and 24.5% of CP. It is concluded that it is possible to reduction of from 32.0 to 24.5% the content for CP in diets for tambaqui fingerlings and that reduction of CP content for levels between 27.5 and 24.5% enhances the performance of the fish, since rations are supplemented with limiting essential amino acids. / Objetivando-se avaliar os efeitos dos níveis de proteína bruta e de sua redução com suplementação de aminoácidos, com base no conceito de proteína ideal, em dietas para alevinos de tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum), foram realizados dois experimentos no setor de pesquisas em nutrição de peixes do Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais da Universidade Federal do Maranhão. Em ambos os experimentos, os alevinos foram mantidos em 30 aquários de polietileno, com capacidade volumétrica de 500 litros, em sistema de recirculação. As dietas experimentais foram fornecidas em cinco refeições diárias durante 45 dias e foram avaliados variáveis de desempenho, rendimento de carcaça, teores de umidade, gordura e proteína corporais, deposições de proteína e gordura corporais, e eficiência de retenção de nitrogênio. No primeiro experimento objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos dos níveis de proteína bruta (PB) para alevinos de tambaqui. Foram utilizados 750 alevinos, com peso inicial de 0,35 ± 0,09 g, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos, cinco repetições e vinte cinco peixes por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos constaram de seis rações experimentais isoenergéticas, isocálcicas e isofosfóricas, com diferentes níveis de PB (20,0; 24,0; 28,0; 32,0; 36,0 e 40,0 %). Não foram observados efeitos dos níveis de proteína bruta sobre o consumo de ração e o rendimento de carcaça. O consumo de proteína bruta aumentou linearmente e a taxa de eficiência proteica reduziu linearmente com a elevação dos níveis de PB. Já o ganho de peso, a conversão alimentar e a taxa de crescimento específico melhoraram até o nível estimado de 31,57; 28,90 e 31,12% de PB, respectivamente. A umidade corporal não foi influenciada pela elevação dos níveis de PB na dieta. Observou-se efeito quadrático dos níveis de PB sobre a gordura corporal, deposição de gordura corporal, proteína corporal, deposição de proteína corporal e eficiência de retenção de nitrogênio apresentando nível mínimo estimado, nos dois primeiros, de 26,55; 23,77; e nível máximo estimado, nos demais, de 29,26; 32,50; 27,21% de PB, respectivamente. Concluiu-se que a recomendação de proteína bruta em dietas para alevinos de tambaqui é de 31,57%, que corresponde a uma relação energia digestível (ED):PB de 9,50 kcal de ED/g de PB, por proporcionar melhor ganho de peso. No segundo experimento, objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da redução da PB com a suplementação de aminoácidos, com base no conceito de proteína ideal, em rações para alevinos de tambaqui. Foram utilizados 750 alevinos, com peso inicial de 0,44 ± 0,14 g, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos, cinco repetições e vinte cinco peixes por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos consistiram em seis rações experimentais isoenergéticas, isocálcicas, isofosfóricas e isolisínicas, contendo diferentes níveis de PB (32,0; 30,5; 29,0; 27,5; 26,0 e 24,5%). Com a redução do teor de PB a partir de 27,5% de PB observou-se uma melhora no ganho de peso, na taxa de crescimento específico, na conversão alimentar e na taxa de eficiência proteica. O consumo de ração foi superior nos peixes alimentados com dietas contendo 26% de PB, seguidos de 29,0 e 27,5% de PB, os demais níveis não variaram entre si. O consumo de proteína bruta reduziu com a utilização de dietas de menor teor de PB e o rendimento de carcaça não foi influenciado pelos tratamentos. A redução do teor proteico da ração não influenciou composição corporal, a deposição de proteína e gordura corporais. A eficiência de retenção de nitrogênio foi superior nos níveis de 26,0 a 24,5% de PB. Conclui-se que é possível reduzir de 32,0 para 24,5% o teor de PB em rações para alevinos de tambaqui, e que a redução do teor de PB para os níveis entre 27,5 e 24,5% potencializa o desempenho dos peixes, desde que as rações sejam devidamente suplementadas com aminoácidos essenciais limitantes.
4

RELAÇÃO DA METIONINA MAIS CISTINA COM A LISINA EM RAÇÕES PARA ALEVINOS DE TAMBAQUI (Colossoma macropomum) / RELATION OF THE METHIONINE PLUS CYSTINE WITH LYSINE IN FEED FOR TAMBAQUI (Colossoma Macropomum) FINGERLINGS

Souza, Flávio Oliveira 27 March 2014 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T17:11:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO_FLAVIO OLIVEIRA SOUZA.pdf: 1270083 bytes, checksum: 64eb72657a650bd6843728d330a5761e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-27 / The aim was to determine the methionine plus cystine with lysine ratio in diets for tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) fingerlings. Six hundred tambaqui fingerlings of two distinct initial weights, 0.28 ± 0.08g and 0.94 ± 0.33g, were used in an experiment with randomised block design (criterion dependent upon initial average weight) composed of six treatments, five repetitions in two blocks and twenty fish per experimental unit. The treatments consisted of six experimental diets isolysinic digestible (1.45%), isoenergetic, isophosphorus and isocalcium containing different methionine plus cystine with digestible lysine ratio (50, 55, 60, 65, 70 and 75%). The fish were kept in 1,000 litre polyethylene tanks, equipped with individual aeration and water supplies, and were fed ad libitum in six daily meals for 45 days. Performance parameters, body composition, protein and body fat deposition and the efficiency nitrogen retention of the fishes were evaluated. The increase of the dietary digestible methionine plus cystine:lysine ratio in the diet affected the specific growth rate, feed:gain ratio, digestible methionine plus cystine intake and the body fat of the fishes. The effects were quadratic for the first two, with these variables improving up to methionine plus cystine:lysine ratio of 64.4% and 64.8%. The digestible methionine plus cystine intake increased and body fat decreased linearly with increase of methionine plus cystine:lysine ratio. The methionine plus cystine with lysine digestible ratio recommended in diets for tambaqui fingerlings is 64.8%, which corresponds the level of digestible methionine plus cystine of 0.94% (0.313% Mcal of ED). / Objetivou-se determinar a relação da metionina mais cistina com a lisina em rações para alevinos de tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). Foram utilizados 600 alevinos de tambaqui de dois pesos iniciais distintos, 0,28 ± 0,08g e 0,94 ± 0,33g, em experimento com delineamento em blocos ao acaso (critério em função do peso médio inicial), composto por seis tratamentos, cinco repetições em dois blocos, e vinte peixes por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos consistiram de seis rações experimentais isolisínicas digestíveis (1,45%), isoenergéticas, isofosfóricas e isocálcicas, contendo diferentes relações de metionina mais cistina com a lisina digestível (50, 55, 60, 65, 70 e 75%). Os peixes foram mantidos em caixas de polietileno de 1.000 litros dotados de abastecimento de água e aeração individuais, e foram alimentados ad libitum em seis refeições diárias durante 45 dias. Avaliaram-se parâmetros de desempenho, composição corporal, deposição de proteína e gordura corporais e eficiência de retenção de nitrogênio dos peixes. O aumento da relação de metionina mais cistina:lisina digestível da dieta influenciaram na taxa de crescimento específico, na conversão alimentar, no consumo de metionina mais cistina digestíveis e no teor de gordura corporal dos peixes. Os efeitos foram quadráticos para as duas primeiras, melhorando essas variáveis até a relação metionina mais cistina:lisina digestível de 64,4% e 64,8%. O consumo de metionina mais cistina digestível aumentou e o teor de gordura corporal reduziu linearmente com a elevação da relação metionina mais cistina:lisina digestível. A relação metionina mais cistina com a lisina digestível recomendada nas rações para alevinos de tambaqui é de 64,8%, que corresponde ao nível de metionina mais cistina digestível de 0,94% (0,313% Mcal de ED).

Page generated in 0.1223 seconds