OBJECTIVE: This study aims to compare the flexural strength and color stability of conventional, machined, and printed dental polymers. Secondarily, the effects of aging, fatigue, coffee, distilled water, and UV light on the color stability and flexural strength of the different dental polymers will be evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty disks 14mm in diameter and 2mm in thickness were fabricated from each of the following polymers: Jet Tooth Shade (Lang Dental), ProTemp (3M-ESPE), Telio CAD Temp (Ivoclar Vivadent), Vita CAD Temp (Vita), Temporary CB (FormLab), Dentca (Dentca), and Bego VarseoSmile Crown Plus (Bego). The sixty disks from each polymer were then divided into the six following groups: no treatment, thermocycling, fatigue, thermocycling and coffee, distilled water and finally UV Light. Prior to any treatment, the color coordinates CIE L*a*b*, were registered first. The non-treated groups were fractured using the Instron Universal Testing Machine to obtain flexural strength values. Thermocycling consisted of placing the specimens in 30 seconds 5°C water and then 30 seconds in 55°C water for 5,000 cycles. Fatigue testing consisted of cyclic loading the disk specimens by calculating 60% of the mean load to failure from the non-treated group and subjecting them to 50,000 cycles. The third group was placed under thermocycling for 1,500 cycles and then placed in coffee for 15 days. Another group was placed in distilled water for 15 days. Finally, the UV light treatment consisted of exposing the disk specimens to UV light for ten hours over the course of five days. After treatment, the color coordinates were recorded again and fractured using the Instron Universal Testing Machine. The data was analyzed for any statistically significant differences using ANOVA with a<0.05. RESULTS: The flexural strength values were highest for Telio CAD Temp, that was affected only by UV light via a statistical analysis. ProTemp was second highest followed by Bego VarseoSmile Crown Plus, Dentca, Temporary CB, Vita CAD Temp and finally Jet Tooth Shade. Color differences were highest for Dentca followed by Jet Tooth Shade, ProTemp, Telio CAD Temp, Temporary CB and finally Vita CAD Temp. UV light and thermocycling/ coffee had the highest impact. CONCLUSION: Telio CAD Temp had the highest overall flexural strength and was resistant to all post fabrication treatments except for UV light. ProTemp had the second highest overall flexural strength but was susceptible to multiple post fabrication treatments like distilled water, fatigue, and aging. The printed specimens had flexural strength values lower in the middle range of all tested materials. In terms of treatment, UV light and coffee/thermocycling had the biggest impact on the overall color stability values. Powder and Liquid based PMMA had the lowest overall flexural strengths.

To determine the effects of thermal accelerated aging on flexural strength and flexural modulus of conventional and CAD/CAM provisional crown and bridge restorative materials. Six provisional crown and bridge materials were selected for this study. Three conventional resins: Jet Set 4 (Lang), Luxatemp (DMG), and Protemp Plus (3M ESPE); and three CAD/CAM materials: ArtBloc Temp (Merz), Telio CAD-Temp (Ivoclar Vivadent), and Vita CAD-Temp (Vita). Specimens of conventional materials were fabricated using a custom-made aluminum mold 25 2 2 mm. CAD/CAM blocks were sectioned to the same dimensions. A total of 180 bar-shaped specimens were obtained (30 of each material) and were divided into three groups per treatment. Groups 1 and 2 were immersed in 37°C water for 24 hours, and 6 days, respectively. Group 3 was subjected to 5,000 thermal cycles between 5°C and 55°C in water with 35 seconds dwelling time. All specimens where tested for flexural properties using three-point bending protocol on an Instron 5566A at a crosshead speed of 0.5mm/min. The results were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey test with material type and aging conditions as the main variables. Significance level was set at (p<0.05).  Overall CAD/CAM materials demonstrated significantly higher flexural strength and flexural modulus over conventional resins. No significant difference in flexural strength and flexural modulus was found among three treatments except for: Luxatemp, which showed significant increased flexural strength and flexural modulus after thermal cycling, and Protemp Plus which showed increased flexural strength after 6 days of water storage.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of surface finishing on the color stability of the resins used for provisional restorations when immersed in staining agent in different times (7, 30, and 60 days). Thirty-six disc-shaped specimens (sp) were built up for each type of resin: Duralay (polymethylmethacrylate), Trim II (polyethylmethacrylate) and Protemp 4 (bis-acrylic). The sp were prepared using a muffle with the use of a matrix with dimensions of 10x3 mm. Resins were inserted in the muffle, pressed with 1500 kgf and sp were removed after 15 min. The sp were randomly divided into 2 groups: one was finished with 150-grit sandpaper (rough group) and the other with 150 to 1200-grit sandpapers sequence (polished group). These groups were subdivided into two types of immersion: red wine and saliva (control). Specimens from the wine group were immersed 10 minutes per day and were maintained in saliva along the remained period. Specimens from control group were kept in saliva which was changed every 3 days. The color change (ΔE) was measured with the spectrophotometer SP60 using the CIE L*a*b* system. Data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey test (5%). The effect of surface, material and time was statistically significant in red wine (p <0.05). The methylmethacrylate-based resin was superior to the other materials in both storage media, in all periods and in polished and rough surfaces. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o efeito do acabamento de superfície na estabilidade de cor das resinas utilizadas para confecção de restaurações provisórias submetidas a desafio corante em períodos distintos (7, 30 e 60 dias). Foram confeccionados 36 corpos de prova (cps) em forma de disco para cada tipo de resina: Duralay (polimetilmetacrilato), Trim II (polietilmetacrilato) e Protemp 4 (bis-acril). Os cps foram confeccionados em mufla através de uma matriz com dimensões de 10x3 mm. As resinas foram inseridas na mufla, prensadas com 1500 kgf e os cps removidos após 15 min. Os cps foram aleatoriamente divididos em 2 grupos, sendo que um recebeu acabamento de superfície com lixa d água granulação 150 (grupo rugoso) e o outro acabamento com sequência de lixas de 150 a 1200 (grupo polido). Esses grupos foram subdivididos em dois tipos de imersão: vinho tinto e saliva (controle). Os cps do grupo vinho receberam imersões diárias de 10 minutos e no restante do tempo eram mantidos em saliva. Os cps do grupo controle permaneceram em saliva, que era renovada a cada 3 dias. A alteração de cor (ΔE*) foi medida pelo espectrofotômetro SP60 utilizando o sistema CIE L*a*b*. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente através de Análise de Variância com fator vinculado e Teste de Tukey (5%). O efeito da superfície, material e tempo foi estatisticamente significante em vinho (p<0,05). A resina à base de metilmetacrilato mostrou superioridade nos dois meios de imersão, em todos os tempos e nas superfícies polida e rugosa.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Provisional restorative treatment is an essential part of fixed prosthodontics. Incorporation of adequately constructed provisional restorations will enhance the success rate of definitive restorations. Repairing or replacing failed provisional restorations is a concern for both clinicians and patients. The objective of this investigation was to study the effects of alumina nanofibers reinforcement on the mechanical properties of commercially available provisional fixed partial denture PMMA material. The hypothesis was that the addition of alumina nanofibers to commercially available PMMA resin will significantly increase its flexural strength, fracture toughness, and microhardness. Alumina nanofibers at 0.0 wt %, 0.5 wt %, 1.0 wt %, and 2.5 wt % were added to commercially available provisional fixed partial material (Jet Tooth Shade). A quaternary ammonium acetate dispersant (CC-59, Goldschmidt, Janesville, WI) was added to the acrylic monomer at 0.0 wt %, 1.0 wt %, 2.0 wt % and 5.0 wt % of the nanofiber weight (12 test groups, 1 control). Samples from each group were evaluated for flexural strength, flexural modulus, fracture toughness, and microhardness. The samples were tested after storing in distilled water for 24 hours and 7 days at 37ºC. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test the effects of storage time and combinations of alumina nanofiber level and quaternary ammonium acetate dispersant level on the flexural strength, fracture toughness, and microhardness of the provisional PMMA resin. Pair-wise comparisons between groups were performed using Tukey’s multiple comparisons procedure to control the overall significance level at 5 percent. Three fracture toughness samples/group were randomly selected for Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (EDS) to qualitatively evaluate the dispersion of the fibers. The data obtained from this study showed that control sample values were in the acceptance range compared with previous research. The experimental samples did not reinforce the provisional resin in the flexural strength, modulus, fracture toughness, or microhardness. There are several factors may attribute to these results, such as poor bonding at the filler/matrix interface. The more homogeneous the mixture of PMMA and fiber, the stronger the acrylic resin. In fact, the presence of poorly bonded fibers, to which little load is transferred, can be almost equivalent to voids. In addition, as seen with EDS images, alumina nanofibers had a tendency to agglomerate. The use of a magnetic stirrer was not effective in physically separating nanofibers agglomerates. Direct dispersion of alumina nanofibers in methyl methacrylate monomer and quaternary ammonium acetate dispersant was not effective in separating the nanofibers into nano-scaled single crystals. The presence of fiber agglomerates acts as a structural defect that detrimentally affects the mechanical properties. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of fibers, dispersion techniques, and coupling agents to enhance the mechanical properties of the provisional PMMA resin.