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Interaction of fear and stress: from healthy population samples to post-traumatic stress disorderCorbo, Vincent January 2011 (has links)
Fear and stress are two closely related psychological concepts. At the biological level, activity of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) measured through galvanic skin response (GSR) is considered as a marker of fear in humans. In parallel, the secretion of cortisol consequent to the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis has been identified as a reliable marker of stress. However, few human studies have investigated the interaction of endogenous cortisol and GSR in a pavlovian fear-conditioning design. Further, fear-conditioning has been used as a model for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). This disorder is thought to be a failure to suppress exaggerated fearful reactions acquired at the time of trauma. Cortisol, as the main stress hormone, has been hypothesized as a potential modulator of the fearful reactions observed in PTSD. However, it remains unclear if PTSD is mostly a fear-based disorder or if symptoms may be associated to other factors, such as cortisol and brain structures, that are not part of the fear network.The work presented in this thesis followed two parallel lines. The two first chapters investigated the interaction between cortisol and GSR reactivity in healthy volunteers. We demonstrated that exposing subjects to a fear-conditioning paradigm was not enough to induce a cortisol response. Further, we observed a greater reactivity in women. In our second study, our results showed that an endogenous cortisol rise induced prior to extinction was associated with a faster decrease of the GSR response to the conditioned stimulus. Replicating our first study, we found that women reacted more to the conditioning paradigm compared to men. Lastly, while cortisol secretion was correlated with childhood adversity and anxiety trait, GSR reactivity did not correlate with personality measures.Our second line of investigation targeted civilians exposed to trauma. In our third study, we observed that increased levels of cortisol in response to awakening were associated with resilience to trauma. Furthermore, based on previous work investigating central nervous regulators of the HPA-axis and fear reactivity, our investigation of cortical thickness of individuals recently exposed to trauma confirmed the expected thinner ACC. We also highlighted the association between ventral temporal cortex and frontal pole with symptoms severity. These regions add a cognitive and social dimension to PTSD severity that may share more with stress than fear itself. These two studies argued for a more comprehensive model of PTSD that includes both fear-conditioning and stress reactivity to better account for the wide scope of symptoms.I conclude this thesis by re-examining the current proposed model for interaction between cortisol and peripheral measures of fear. I review the influence of sex as a mediator of fear acquisition, reactivity to stress and extinction of fear. Finally, I extend these findings to our PTSD studies to evaluate the use of pure fear-conditioning as a model for PTSD symptoms emergence and maintenance. / La peur et le stress sont deux concepts psychologiques intimement reliés. Au niveau biologique, l'activité du système nerveux sympathique (SNS), mesuré par la réponse électrodermale (RÉD), est considéré comme un marqueur de la peur chez l'être humain. Parallèlement, la sécrétion de cortisol suite à l'activation de l'axe hypothalamo-hypophyso-adrénergique (HHA) est le marqueur le plus commun du stress. Cependant, peu d'études se sont penchées sur l'interaction entre le cortisol et la RÉD lors d'un conditionnement de peur pavlovien chez l'être humain. De plus, le conditionnement de peur est utilisé comme modèle pour étudier le Trouble de Stress Post-Traumatique (TSPT). Ce trouble est considéré comme un échec de supprimer une réaction de peur exagérée acquise lors du traumatisme. Le cortisol, en tant qu'hormone de stress principale, est considéré comme un agent qui influencerait la force des réactions de peur dans le TSPT. Cependant, il demeure incertain si le TSPT est principalement un trouble relié à la peur ou si sa symptomatologie est relié à d'autres facteurs, tels le cortisol ou des structures neurologiques qui ne sont pas associées au système de la peur.Les travaux de cette thèse suivent deux lignes parallèles. Les deux premiers chapitres présentent les résultats de l'étude de l'interaction entre la peur et le stress chez des participants en santé. Nous illustrons que l'exposition à un conditionnement de peur n'est pas suffisant pour provoquer une réponse de cortisol. De plus, nous avons observé une plus forte réactivité au conditionnement chez les femmes. Les résultats de notre deuxième étude indiquent qu'une augmentation de cortisol endogène est associé à un déclin plus rapide de la réponse au stimulus conditionné lors de l'extinction. Cette étude confirme aussi une plus forte réactivité chez les femmes. Enfin, alors que la sécrétion de cortisol est associée à l'adversité durant l'enfance et l'anxiété, la RÉD n'était pas associée aux traits de personnalité.Parallèlement à ces études, nous avons étudiés des civils exposés à un événement traumatique. Notre troisième étude montre qu'une réponse accrue de cortisol en réaction au réveil est associée à la résilience face à un événement traumatique. De plus, notre étude de l'épaisseur corticale a confirmé que, chez des individus récemment exposés à un événement traumatique, le cortex cingulaire antérieur est correlé négativement à la sévérité des symptômes. Cette étude a aussi mis en lumière deux nouvelles structures, le cortex ventro-temporal et le pôle frontal, qui sont associées à la sévérité des symptômes. Ces deux structures ajoutent une dimension cognitive et sociale à la sévérité du TSPT et sont associés plus fortement au stress qu'à la peur en soi. Elles suggèrent donc un modèle d'étude qui va au-delà du conditionnement de peur et qui intègre l'importance du stress pour mieux décrire la symptômatologie.Je conclue cette thèse en réexaminant le modèle d'interaction entre le stress et les mesures périphériques de la peur. Suivant cela, j'examine le sexe comme médiateur possible dans l'apprentissage de peur, la réactivité au stress et l'extinction de la peur. Enfin, je fais le pont entre les premières études et celles sur le TSPT pour évaluer l'usage du pur conditionnement de peur comme modèle pour décrire l'émergence et le maintient des symptômes.
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The effect of early life adversity on the regulation of salivary alpha amylase and cortisolAli, Nida January 2012 (has links)
Different factors have been associated with changes in the regulation of the two major stress response systems of the human body, the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal(HPA) axis. These changes have been associated with various (psycho)pathologies across adulthood, and are thus frequently assessed within the context of allostatic load. Early Life Adversity (ELA) has been identified as one such factor. Individuals with histories of ELA show evidence of elevated basal and reactive salivary alpha amylase (sAA) levels (a marker of SNS activity), blunted cortisol levels (a marker of HPA axis activity), and an asymmetrical relationship between the two variables. However, different methods used in the past to measure each variable, and the relationship between the two systems, prevents us from drawing firm conclusions. The goal of this thesis was to propose a novel approach to improve the understanding of the relationship between SNS and HPA axis. We investigated whether the ratio of sAA and cortisol would be more a effective method to understand the relationship between SNS and HPAaxis, and if so whether this marker could be linked with indexes of chronic stress and depression. Using a social stress paradigm we studied this in individuals who experienced ELA and those who did not. Using a specific formula to determine the ratio of sAA over cortisol, we found a systematically stronger positive relationship with indexes of chronic stress and depression when compared to cortisol over sAA, or either marker alone. In order to enhance our understanding of stress as a construct, the specific associations between the systems must be taken into account. The ratio of sAA over cortisol combines the individual properties of each of the two stress markers into a single unit, and based on our findings appears to be a much more sensitive marker of the dysregulation between the two stress systems, as compared to the ratio of cortisol over sAA, sAA or cortisol alone. I conclude the thesis by discussing the implications of the findings and the usefulness of this marker for other chronic stress states as found in allostatic load. / Différents facteurs ont été associés à des changements dans la régulation des deux grands systèmes de réponse au stress chez l'humain, le système nerveux sympathique (SNS) et l'axe hypothalamo-hypophysosurrénalien(HHS). L'exposition à un milieu défavorable tôt dans le dévelopment (early life adversity, ELA) a été identifiée comme un de ces modulateurs de la réponse de stress. Ces changements ont été associés à diverses psychopathologies à l'âge adulte, et sont donc fréquemment quantifiés dans un contexte de stress chronique. Les individus exposés à des milieux défavorables pendant leur enfance présentent des niveaux élevés d'alpha-amylase salivaire(ASA), un marqueur de l'activité du SNS basale et réactif ainsi que des concentrations de cortisol réactives réduites (un marqueur de l'activité axeHHS), démontrant une relation asymétrique entre ces deux systèmes. Cependant, les différentes méthodes utilisées dans le passé pour mesurer chacun de ces système, et leurs interactions, présentaient certaines limites. L'objectif de cette thèse était de proposer une nouvelle approche pour améliorer la compréhension de la relation entre les SNS et l'axe HHS. Nous avons donc étudier si le ratio de l'ASA et du cortisol serait une mesure plus sensible pour quantifier la relation entre le SNS et l'axe HPA, et si oui, si ce marqueur pourrait être davantage lié à des indices de stress chronique et de symptômes dépressif. Nous avons donc exposé des individus ayant grandit dans un environnement défavorable et des sujets sains à un paradigme de stress psychosocial afin de mesurer leur réponse de stress. En utilisant une formule spécifique pour déterminer le ratio de SAA sur les niveaux de cortisol, nous avons démontrer une relation positive entre ce ratio et divers indices de stress chronique et de symptômes dépressifs comparativement aux marqueurs conventionnels de la réponse de stress. Nos résultats suggèrent que dans le but d'améliorer notre compréhension du stress, les associations spécifiques entre ces deux systèmes doivent être prises en considération. Le ratio des SAA sur le cortisol est une mesure unitaire qui combine les propriétés individuelles de chacun de ces deux systèmes et tel que démontré par nos résultats semble être un marqueur plus sensible de la dérégulation entre les deux systèmes de stress, comparativement au ratio de cortisol sur l'ASA ou aux mesures d'ASA ou de cortisol seules. Finalement, les implications des ces résultats sont discutées dans l'optique de l'utilisation d'un nouveau biomarqueur afin d'identifier des état de stress chronique.
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Hypnotic analgesia for acute pain and anxiety during interventional radiologic procedures /Joyce, Janet Sallo. Unknown Date (has links)
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Pacific Graduate School of Psychology, 1994. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 57-04, Section: B, page: 2933.
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The neuropsychological effects of chronic cocaine and opiate use /Press, Robin Jane. Unknown Date (has links)
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Pacific Graduate School of Psychology, 1983. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 44-06, Section: B, page: 2007.
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Aging and cognitive control : hemispheric differences and white matter integrity /Leaver, Echo E. January 2008 (has links)
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2008. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-11, Section: B, page: 7183. Adviser: Monica Fabiani. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 98-116) Available on microfilm from Pro Quest Information and Learning.
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The Effects of a High-Energy Diet, Fasting, and Peptide Signaling on Ingestive BehaviorFrankot, Michelle 20 October 2018 (has links)
<p> Alternate day fasting (ADF) leads to weight loss in humans and rats. To examine the effects of ADF on diet preference, rats were assigned to alternate day or free food access and presented with chow and high-energy (HE) food. Satiety peptides CCK and exendin-4 were administered to determine if they altered the relationship between fasting and preference. Fasting decreased HE preference compared to controls. For males, this was driven by an increase in size and number of chow meals. For females, this was driven by an increase in chow meal number. ADF appeared to increase orosensory stimulation and/or decrease sensitivity to inhibitory cues for males; for females it appeared to decrease sensitivity to inhibitory cues. Peptides did not moderate the relationship between fasting and preference, but exendin-4 decreased HE preference across all groups. Shifts in diet preference may contribute to the effectiveness of using ADF as a dieting strategy.</p><p>
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Imagery procedures utilized by visually impaired athletes for the sport of goal ball.Boulay, Monique. January 1990 (has links)
The purpose of this study was to investigate imagery procedures used by visually impaired athletes prior to and during competition. Individual in depth interviews were conducted with 15 visually impaired goal ball players, competing at a national level. The results indicate that regardless of the degree of visual impairment, these athletes used imagery on a daily basis for functioning effectively within their handicap. Due to their lack of vision, a great deal of feeling and sound was incorporated into their imagery. Suggestions are made for the enhancement of "feeling oriented imagery" with sighted persons.
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Appréciation de l'authencité de l'expression de la joie : examen de deux indices faciaux révélateurs de l'authencité.Chartrand, Josée. January 2002 (has links)
L'une des visions dans la recherche portant sur les émotions et les expressions faciales interprète les expressions comme le miroir des états intérieurs (Darwin, 1872/1965). Aujourd'hui, bien que plusieurs travaux aient mis en évidence qu'il existait effectivement une concordance entre l'émotion ressentie et l'expression faciale (Ekman, Friesen, & Ancoli, 1980, Roseberg & Ekman, 1994; Smith, McHugo, & Lanzetta, 1986), d'autres recherches ont démontré que l'activité du visage pouvait être trompeuse (Ekman & Friesen, 1974; Ekman, Friesen, & O'Sullivan, 1988). Certains indices faciaux favorisent la discrimination entre les expressions émotionnelles authentiques et non authentiques (i.e., dynamique temporelle de l'expression, temps de latence de la montée, certains mouvements faciaux, durée totale de l'expression). En dépit de ces indices, les êtres humains semblent avoir de la difficulté à distinguer entre ces deux types d'expression émotionnelle. L'objectif principal de la présente thèse est d'examiner la sensibilité des décodeurs à deux indices faciaux révélateurs de l'authenticité de l'expression faciale de la joie, soit la présence de la contraction de l'orbicularis oculi et la symétrie de l'expression. Le deuxième objectif est de vérifier si l'appréciation de l'authenticité varie selon le type de jugement (catégoriel vs intensité). Le troisième objectif est d'étudier le degré de confiance des décodeurs dans leurs jugements. Le quatrième objectif vise l'examen de la capacité des décodeurs à détecter ces deux caractéristiques de l'authenticité de la joie alors que le cinquième objectif est de mettre en relation la détection des indices et le jugement de l'authenticité. Trois études ont été effectuées afin d'atteindre ces objectifs. Les résultats des études suggèrent que, dans certaines circonstances, les décodeurs sont sensibles aux indices de l'authenticité de la joie et, ce, peu importe la modalité de jugement employée. Les résultats indiquent également que les décodeurs sont confiants dans leurs jugements, mais qu'il n'y a pas de relation entre la confiance et l'exactitude des jugements. De plus, il semble que les décodeurs soient capables de détecter les indices révélateurs de l'authenticité et que certains décodeurs sont plus habiles à repérer ces indices que d'autres. Toutefois, ceux-ci ne semblent pas interpréter la signification de ces indices aussi bien lorsqu'ils portent un jugement d'authenticité. Les forces, les limites et les applications pratiques de nos travaux sont également présentées.
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EEG slow wave sleep and slow wave activity in extended sleep with bright light induced phase shifts of core body temperature.Christ, Gregory J. January 1994 (has links)
In this study, the time courses of slow wave sleep (SWS) and EEG slow wave activity (SWA) were examined in relation to core body temperature (CBT) during extended sleep periods of 15 hours. This investigation examined the merits of a hypothetical 12-hour rhythm of SWS to: (1) confirm its existence; (2) see if it was reflected by the more objective measure of SWA (power spectral analysis); and (3) determine if there was any relationship between this 12-hour rhythm and the CBT rhythm. In Study 1, 7 subjects (age 18-22 years) slept in the laboratory for 3 consecutive nights (2 of 8 hours, then 1 of 15 hours). Rectal CBT was monitored during sleep periods. The main findings were that SWS and SWA both significantly increase in the final 3-hour block over the center 3-hour block, and that these late increases were not related to waking after sleep onset (WASO) or rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Five of the 7 subjects showed a return of SWA, which was defined by the maximum 15 minute running average in the last 5 hours exceeding the same measure for the previous 4 hours (about 2 sleep cycles with lower SWA). With CBT phase defined as the delay from sleep onset to CBT minimum, it was found that late SWS (in the last 3 hours), and magnitude of the SWA return had significant positive relationships to CBT phase. In Study 2, 3 subjects (age 19, 21, and 29) were studied for 4 series of 4 consecutive nights, with bedtime at 23:30h on all nights. Two series served as baseline (8HBL, and 6HBL). During one series (ML) CBT rhythm was phase advanced using morning bright light (7000-11000 lux, 6:00h-9:00h), and during another series (EL) CBT was delayed using evening bright light (20:00h-23:00h). Subjects were kept in dim light (250 lux) during these morning and evening periods for the 8HBL and 6HBL. A range of CBT phase to sleep timing combinations resulted, with ML always phase advanced relative to EL. CBT phase plotted against late SWS and SWA measures showed a positive association between CBT phase and timing of SWA return (except in one subject (#3)), and a smaller positive association to SWA in the last 3 hours (except in one subject (#1)). When data from Study 1 and the equivalent 8HBL of Study 2 were combined, SWS and SWA late in the sleep period were not significantly related to WASO or REM, and magnitude of the SWA return was statistically significant. There was also a significant relationship between CBT phase and late SWS, magnitude of SWA return, and timing of the SWA return, but not with SWA in the last 3 hours. The data were consistent with a 12-hour rhythm of SWS and SWA, in which the minor pole does not depend solely on WASO or REM, and is related in timing and magnitude to the CBT rhythm. Magnitude of both poles are likely influenced by prior amounts of waking, but the special conditions of extended sleep illustrate the association of the minor pole to the CBT rhythm.
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P300 and cognitive ability: Processing demands, equivocation, and speed of processing during simple cognitive tasks.Houlihan, Michael Edward. January 1994 (has links)
The hypothesis that individual differences in mental ability depend, in part, on the speed or efficiency of performing elementary cognitive tasks was examined. Performance and event-related potential measures were determined during the performance of a Sternberg memory scanning task with three levels of difficulty, a category matching task, and a synonym-antonym task. In each task two stimuli were presented sequentially on each trial. In the Sternberg task, the first stimulus was one, three, or five letters and is called the memory set. The second stimulus was a probe stimulus. A category name and a category exemplar were presented in each trial of the category matching task. The two stimulus words presented in each trial of the synonym-antonym task were either synonyms or antonyms. Reaction time, movement time, and reaction time standard deviation were all negatively correlated with intelligence at levels consistent with previous research. In the Sternberg task, P300 amplitude to the first stimulus increased as the number of items in the memory set increased, affirming that P300 amplitude is sensitive to demands for processing resources. P300 amplitude to the first stimulus was smaller for higher ability than lower ability subjects. This is consistent with the idea that lower ability subjects require greater processing resources than higher ability subjects. The ERP differences between higher and lower ability subjects to the first stimulus were greater at fronto-central electrode sites than at Pz where P300 is maximal. P300 amplitude to the target stimulus decreased as set size increased. This is consistent with the view that P300 amplitude is sensitive to changes in task difficulty. P300 amplitude to the second stimulus tended to be larger for the higher ability group, an effect that can be understood in terms of equivocation. P300 latency to both the first and second stimulus increased as the set size increased, affirming that P300 latency is a measure of the time required for stimulus evaluation and classification. Higher ability subjects displayed longer P300 latency to the first stimulus than lower ability subjects. The longer P300 latency to the first stimulus suggests that higher ability subjects devote more time to stimulus analysis and planning than lower ability subjects. The performance of higher ability subjects on these tasks was characterised by the more efficient deployment of processing resources and less equivocation than lower ability subjects. Speed of processing and speed of motor response were faster for higher ability than lower ability subjects.
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