This study compares information gathered by Kinetic Family Drawings with information gathered by an Adlerian Life Style Interview. A non-clinical population of university students participated in the study. The participants drew a crayon picture of their families from the perspective of age five and then answered three questions about their drawings. The participants then participated in a structured Life Style Interview which dealt with their perceptions of their lives as young children in their families of origin. All questions were tape-recorded and later transcribed. A panel of experts in projective drawings analyzed the drawings and the transcriptions of the three questions and then summarized each participant's possible apperceptions about life. A panel of Adlerian psychologists analyzed the interview data and summarized apperceptions. The apperceptions were then compared. Results indicate that both projective devices elicit like or similar information about an individual's views of life, self, men, women, and family values.

This study was conducted to develop a method of using art to elicit and interpret Early Recollections in Adlerian Life Style Assessment. A convenient sample of four graduate students participated in the study which was divided into three consecutively conducted interviews: (1) The Family Constellation; (2) The Painting and Conjoint Interpretation of Early Recollections; (3) The Post-Assessment Interview. Drawing and painting have long been recognized as expressions of the self or of lifestyle. Life Style in Individual Psychology is representative of an individual's subjective reality; how that reality influences one's aims; and how one goes about achieving them. The findings of this study indicate that this methodology, in which the recollection is visually recreated and conjointly interpreted, is facilitative not only of recall and expression of emotion, but also helps participants achieve for themselves, insights into their Life Style.

This study examined the results of a career course on the students' cognitions. Decision making, career indecision, irrational beliefs, vocational identity, and consistency of Holland typology (Holland, 1985a) have all been associated with anxiety. It was postulated that a career intervention would have an impact on irrational beliefs (Ellis, 1962) and consistency of type (Holland, 1985a). Bandura (1977) states that change in confidence, or self-efficacy expectations, is associated with lowered anxiety. / One hundred thirteen students were administered the pre-test. The study used the vocational identity scale of My Vocational Situation (MVS) (Holland, Daiger, & Power, 1980) and the College Major Questionnaire (CMQ) (Baumgardner, 1976), a cognitive measure, to divide the class into four groups. / Six other instruments were administered, both at pre- and post-tests. They were the Rational Behavior Inventory (RBI) (Shorkey & Whiteman, 1977), the Vocational Preference Inventory (Holland, 1985b), another measure of vocational consistency (Barak & Rabbi, 1981), a self-generated goal and a measure of certainty/satisfaction with career choice. Post-test changes in scores were examined. / Self-efficacy was measured at pre-test and post-test, to examine whether self-efficacy expectations had an impact on outcomes, and whether the intervention had an impact on self-efficacy. An outcome-specific form adapted from Bandura (1977), and the Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale (Tipton & Worthington, n.d.), were utilized. Both pairs of measures were then correlated with the outcome measures. / The four groups were compared using ANOVA for change scores on measures of irrational beliefs, consistency, and certainty/satisfaction (CertSat), and for level of goal achievement at post-test. Of the six hypothesized effects, only changes in CertSat were significant. / Other data supported associations between cognitive therapy, cognitive psychology, and career development. A pattern of significant correlations between RBI and MVS and between RBI and CMQ suggested that persons who espouse more irrational beliefs are more likely to score lower on vocational identity and to think more analytically about their major choices. / Neither the two forms of self-efficacy nor the two forms of vocational consistency gave reliable correlational evidence of measuring the same psychological constructs at either pre- or post-tests. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 48-02, Section: B, page: 0590. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Florida State University, 1987.

Research in the area of personality and memory interactions has focused mainly on memorization of word lists and has been conducted mainly in the laboratory. A growing interest in how memory for everyday events effects personality and how one chooses to respond to present and future situations is occurring. / This study investigated the effect that one's cognitive (field dependence/independence) has on one's autobiographical memory of events in a person's life. Two hundred and one undergraduate psychology students at Florida State University were administered the Group Embedded Figures Test (Witkin, Oltman, Raskin, & Karp, 1971). Subjects were then shown one two videotapes of a two-minute counseling interaction. The videotapes were similar in dialogue. However, one was of an emotionally-neutral interaction and the other was emotionally-charged. / After viewing the videotape, subjects completed recall and recognition items about their memory of the event. They also were asked to generate hypotheses about what the client and counselor may be feeling and thinking. After scoring the instruments the data were analyzed using the BMDP-4V Univariate and Multivariate ANOVA Program. A 2 (cognitive style) x 2 (treatment) factorial design with nine dependent variables (a recall and a recognition score for the areas of dialogue, background, actors, and action, and a hypothesis generation score) was utilized. / It was found that no significant difference exists between field dependent and field independent subjects in their ability to recall and recognize information in the areas of dialogue, background, actors, and action. It was also found that subjects in the emotionally-charged treatment were able to recall more information for the variables of actors and action, and to recognize more information in the background variable than subjects in the emotionally-neutral treatment condition. Results show that there is no significant difference between field dependent and field independent subjects in their ability to recall and recognize information in either treatment condition. It was also found that field independent subjects in the emotionally-charged condition generated fewer hypotheses in the emotionally-charged treatment condition. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 49-03, Section: B, page: 0936. / Major Professor: F. Donald Kelly. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Florida State University, 1988.

The relationship of dream imaginativeness and dream implausibility to waking creativity and metaphorical ability was examined among 126 undergraduates using two-week dream diaries. A significant relationship was found between scores on the College Vocabulary Test and the Remote Associates Test on the one hand, and report length, implausibility and dream recall frequency on the other. A causal analysis suggested that verbal intelligence, rather than creativity or metaphorical ability, was the factor underlying the correlations.

Emotion and emotion regulation are viewed as central to psychological and social adjustment. Although theory suggests that the examination of emotion and emotion regulation should incorporate characteristics of both the person and of the interpersonal situation, previous research has not systematically examined within-person processes that link emotion with features of the interpersonal situation and individual differences in these processes. Using an intensive repeated measurement method in naturalistic settings, the three studies presented here examine within-person links between affect, interpersonal behavior, and perceptions of others' interpersonal behavior in daily social interactions. Furthermore, the moderating effect of the person's characteristics, such as attachment insecurity and Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD), on these within-person links was explored. Interpersonal theory was adopted to identify relevant interpersonal features that satisfy or frustrate important interpersonal goals, such as strivings to be close and accepted by the other, or to exert power over the other. Satisfaction or frustration of these interpersonal goals was thought to elicit affect and affect regulation processes. In the first study, attachment-related individual differences in the strength of the association of affect with perceptions of the other's communal behavior were explored in a community sample. In the second study, the differential relation between affect and perceptions of others' communal behavior as a function of an abnormal personality, BPD, was examined. The third study investigated the contribution of the association of affect and perceptions of other to quarrelsome behavior among individuals with BPD. Findings indicated that, across all participants, negative affect was associated with perceptions of others' low communal behavior, whereas positive affect was associated with perceptions of others' high communal behavior. As expected, attachment insecurity and BPD moderated the strength of the association between affect and perceptions of others' communal behavior. Specifically, attachment anxiety and BPD was related with an intensification of negative affect following perceptions of others' low communal behavior, whereas attachment avoidance was associated with an inhibition of negative and positive affect following perceptions of others' communal behavior. Furthermore, results suggested that increases in negative affect following perceptions of others' low communal behavior partly accounted for the effect of these perceptions on the person's quarrelsome behavior. The results identified specific interpersonal cues that trigger affect and affect regulation processes. They illustrated separate patterns of relations between affect and interpersonal cues as a function of chronic interpersonal vulnerabilities associated with attachment insecurity and BPD. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed. / L'émotion et la régulation émotionnelle sont perçues comme essentielles à l'ajustement psychologique et social. Bien que la théorie propose que l'étude de l'émotion et de la régulation émotionnelle doivent incorporer à la fois les caractéristiques de la personne ainsi que de la situation interpersonnelle, aucune étude préalable n'a systématiquement examiné les processus intra-personnels reliant l'émotion avec les qualités de la situation interpersonnelle ainsi que les différences individuelles dans ces processus. Utilisant une méthode de mesure répétitive et intensive sur le plan naturaliste, les trois études présentées ici explorent les liens intra-personnels entre l'affect, le comportement interpersonnel et la perception du comportement interpersonnel des autres durant les interactions sociales quotidiennes. De plus, les effets modérateurs de certaines caractéristiques de la personne, tel que l'attachement insécure et le trouble de la personnalité borderline (TPB), sur ces liens intra-personnels sont explorés. La théorie interpersonnelle a été adoptée afin d'identifier les caractéristiques pertinentes de situations qui satisfont ou frustrent les objectifs interpersonnels importants, tels que les désirs de proximité et d'acceptation par les autres ou d'influence ou de pouvoir sur ceux-ci. La satisfaction ou la frustration de ces objectifs interpersonnels devraient théoriquement provoquer l'affect et les processus régulateurs de l'affect. Dans la première étude, le lien entre le mode d'attachement et la force de l'association entre l'affect et les perceptions de comportements chaleureux de la part des autres a été exploré dans un échantillon communautaire. Dans la deuxième étude, la relation différentielle entre l'affect et la perception des comportements chaleureux des autres en fonction de la présence d'une personnalité pathologique, le TPB, a été examinée. La troisième étude a étudié la contribution de la force de l'association entre l'affect et les perceptions des autres au comportement querelleur parmi les individus souffrants du TPB. Les résultats ont indiqué que, parmi tous les participants, l'affect négatif est associé à la perception de comportements froids de la part des autres, alors que l'affect positif était associé avec des perceptions de comportements chaleureux. Comme prévu, l'attachement insécure et le TPB ont modéré la force de l'association entre l'affect et les perceptions de comportements chaleureux. Spécifiquement, l'attachement anxieux et le TPB étaient associés avec une intensification de l'affect négatif suivant la perception de comportements froids de la part des autres, tandis que l'attachement évitant était associé à une inhibition de l'affect positif et négatif suite à la perception de comportements chaleureux. De plus, les résultats suggèrent que l'augmentation de l'affect négatif suivant les perceptions de comportements peu chaleureux de la part des autres peut partiellement rendre compte de l'effet de ces perceptions sur le comportement querelleur d'une personne. Les résultats identifient des signaux interpersonnels spécifiques qui déclenchent l'affect et ses processus régulateurs. Ils illustrent différents types de relations entre l'affect et les signaux interpersonnels en fonction des vulnérabilités interpersonnelles chroniques associées avec l'attachement insécure et le TPB. Les implications théoriques et cliniques sont discutées.

Evolutionary psychology is a theoretical perspective that is increasingly supported by empirical studies, but its potential to be applied to personality psychology remains largely unfulfilled (Buss, 1999). The current dissertation sought to bring the perspective of evolutionary psychology to bear on personality psychology. Zuroff and colleagues (2010) proposed that an evolutionary theory of personality could seek to identify individual differences in the core social domains that are postulated by evolutionary psychologists. Following this line of thinking, the Social Exchange Styles Questionnaire (SESQ) was developed to assess individual differences within the reciprocity domain (Leybman et al., 2011a). For this dissertation, the social exchange style model was further developed and explored. Article 1 presented an expanded social exchange style model, along with the revised Social Exchange Styles Questionnaire (SESQ-II), which assesses individual differences in ways that people approach and maintain exchange relationships in terms of five dimensions: Tracking, Fairness, Individualism, Benefit-Seeking, and Overinvestment. The SESQ-II showed good internal consistency, retest reliability, and construct validity. Regarding construct validity, multiple regressions demonstrated that none of the social exchange style dimensions was redundant with the Personal Norms of Reciprocity Scale (Perugini et al., 2003), nor with dimensions of adult attachment styles. Additionally, multiple regressions demonstrated that the social exchange style dimensions had predictable relationships with the five-factor traits, and with variables related to perceptions of oneself and others. Article 1 also addressed the relationship between social exchange style dimensions and perceived and received social support in a second study that used a daily diary method. Multilevel modeling showed that Tracking and Overinvestment each negatively predicted perceived support, while Fairness positively predicted perceived support. Additionally, Individualism negatively predicted received support. Social exchange style dimensions predicted social support over and above the five-factor traits.Article 2 sought to extend the social exchange style model and did this by focusing on a single social exchange dimension: Tracking. The developmental antecedents and affective consequences of Tracking were explored. Biological market theory (Noë & Hammerstein, 1994; 1995) was used to identify potential developmental antecedents to Tracking. Multiple regression analyses showed that Tracking was predicted by recalled experiences of having less access to resources than one's peers, having low control over resources, and parental overprotectiveness. Tracking was also predicted by an interaction of low parental warmth and being spoiled. To test the affective consequences of Tracking, we examined the relationship between people's Tracking levels and their emotional reactions to received social support. Using the same sample that was used in the second study of Article 1, multilevel analyses showed that people who were high in Tracking experienced more Joviality on days when they experienced particularly high levels of received support, and that they experienced high Hostility on days when they experienced less received support than usual. Similar results were not obtained with Serenity, Fear, or Guilt as the dependent variables, demonstrating the specificity of the effects to Joviality and Hostility.The results of these studies are discussed in terms of theoretical contributions that stem from integrating evolutionary psychology with personality psychology. Additionally, avenues for future research to elaborate both the content and process components of our model of social exchange styles are identified. Finally, practical applications of social exchange styles are discussed with a focus on implications for conceptualization and treatment of disorders within clinical psychology. / La psychologie évolutionniste est une perspective théorique de plus en plus consolidée par des études empiriques, mais son application potentielle à la psychologie de la personnalité demeure inassouvie (Buss, 1999). La présente thèse se veut une conciliation de la psychologie évolutionniste et la psychologie de la personnalité. Zuroff et ses collègues (2010) suggèrent qu'une théorie évolutionnaire de la personnalité pourrait permettre l'identification de différences individuelles existant dans les domaines sociaux fondamentaux postulé par la psychologie évolutionniste. Le questionnaire des styles d'échanges sociaux (Social Exchange Styles Questionnaire) fut développé dans le but d'évaluer les différences individuels dans le domaine de la réciprocité (Leybman et al., 2011a). Dans cette thèse, le modèle de style d'échange social fut développé et exploré en plus de détails. L'article 1 a présenté un modèle plus détaillé des styles d'échanges sociaux, ainsi que la version révisée du questionnaire des styles d'échanges sociaux (SESQ-II), lequel évalue les différences individuels selon 5 dimensions: Poursuite, Justice, Individualisme, Recherche de Bénéfices et Surinvestissement. Le SESQ-II a démontré une bonne cohérence interne et validité du construit. Aucune des dimensions n'étaient redondantes avec l'échelle de réciprocité de normes personnelles, ni avec les dimensions de styles d'attaches adultes. De plus, les dimensions avaient de relations prévisibles avec les cinq facteurs de trait, et avec des variables liées aux perceptions de soi et d'autrui. L'Article 1 adresse aussi le lien entre les dimensions et le support sociale reçu et perçue. La Poursuite et le Surinvestissement prédissent de façon négative la perception de support, tandis que la Justice prédit positivement la perception de support. De plus, l'Individualisme prédit négativement la réception de support. Nos dimensions prédissent le support social au-delà des cinq facteurs de trait.L'article 2 tentait d'enrichir le model d'échange social en en étudiant une seule dimension d'échange: la Poursuite. Les antécédents développementaux et conséquences affectives de la Poursuites ont été explorés. La théorie du Marcher Biologique (Noe & Hammerstein, 1994; 1995) a été utilisé pour identifier de potentiels antécédents développementaux de la Poursuite. La Poursuite pouvais être prédite par les mémoires d'instances d'avoir eu moins de ressources que ses pairs, d'avoir eu peu de control de ressources, ainsi que de surprotection parentale. La poursuite a aussi été prédite par une interaction entre peu de chaleur parentale et être gâté. Afin de tester les conséquences affectives de la Poursuite, nous avons examiné la relation entre le niveau de Poursuite des gens et leurs réactions émotionnelles face au support sociale reçu. En utilisant la même sous-population qui a été utilisé ultérieurement durant la deuxième étude de l'Article 1, des analyses a multiniveaux ont démontré que les gens qui avaient de haut niveaux de Poursuite ressenti plus de Jovialité durant les jours durant lesquels ils ont reçu des niveaux de support particulièrement élevés. Ils ont aussi ressenti de hauts niveaux d'Hostilité durant les jours ou ils rapportent d'avoir reçu de plus bas niveaux de support qu'à l'habitude. De résultats similaires n'ont pas été obtenus avec les mesures de Sérénité, de Peur, ou de Culpabilité en tant que variables dépendantes, démontrant ainsi la spécificité des effets à la Jovialité et l'Hostilité. Les résultats sont adressés en termes de contributions théorique qui surviennent de l'intégration de la psychologie évolutionniste et la psychologie de la personnalité. De plus, nous avons identifiés des pistes de recherche pour le futur. Finalement des applications pratiques de styles d'échange social sont discutées en mettant de l'emphase sur les implications pour la conceptualisation et le traitement de troubles mentaux dans le contexte de la psychologie clinique.

This study of community adults (N = 164) examined the role of basic psychological needs in the relation between self-criticism (SC) and personal standards (PS) dimensions of perfectionism and subjective well-being over three years. Participants completed in-lab questionnaires assessing dimensions of perfectionism, needs satisfaction, and subjective well-being at Time 1, Year 2, and Year 3, respectively. In contrast to PS, SC was related to lower satisfaction of needs for relatedness, competence, and autonomy at Year 2; and lower life satisfaction, vitality, and positive affect, and higher negative affect at Year 3. Path analyses demonstrated that all three needs at Year 2 mediated the relation between Time 1 SC and lower life satisfaction and vitality at Year 3. These findings demonstrate the importance of trying to increase the satisfaction of the basic psychological needs in order to increase subjective well-being and reduce vulnerability to depression in individuals with higher self-critical perfectionism. / Cette étude d'adultes de la communauté (N = 164) a examiné le rôle des besoins psychologiques fondamentaux dans la relation entre l'autocritique (SC) et les standards personnelle (PS) dimensions du perfectionnisme et du bien-être subjectif au cours de trois ans. Les participants ont rempli des questionnaires dans notre laboratoire pour évaluer les dimensions du perfectionnisme, la satisfaction des besoins, et le bien-être subjectif au Temps 1, Année 2, et Année 3, respectivement. Contrairement aux standards personnelle (PS), l'autocritique (SC) était liée à une réduite de satisfaction des besoins pour le sentiment de rapport, la compétence et l'autonomie à l'Année 2; et une réduite dans la satisfaction de la vie, la vitalité et l'affect positif et un augmentation à l'affect négatif l'Année 3. Des analyses causales ont démontré que les trois besoins à l'Année 2 sont des médiateurs de la relation entre l'autocritique (SC) à Temps 1 et la diminution dans la satisfaction de vie et la vitalité à l'Année 3. Ces résultats démontrent l'importance d'essayer d'augmenter la satisfaction des besoins psychologiques fondamentaux afin d'augmenter le bien-être subjectif et de réduire la vulnérabilité à la dépression dans les individus ayant hauts niveaux d'autocritique perfectionnisme.

<p> Research suggests that the life satisfaction of gender, racial, and sexual minorities is significantly lower than males, Whites, and individuals who identify as heterosexual, respectively. A disparity in life satisfaction between minority and majority groups needs to be addressed so that interventions may be developed to combat these inequalities. The present study explored whether mindfulness and/or acceptance moderated the relationship between minority status (gender, racial, sexual) and life satisfaction. For example, was the disparity in life satisfaction between racial minorities and Whites reduced as levels of mindfulness increased?</p><p> Participants included 309 college students, age 18-25 from two southeastern universities. All data was collected during Summer and Fall 2014. The purpose of the present study was to explore mindfulness and acceptance as potential moderators in the relationship between minority status and life satisfaction, controlling for income, victimization, and health status (i.e., report of a mental health, substance condition, disability, or chronic illness), through two separate hierarchical regression analyses. Life satisfaction, mindfulness, and acceptance were measured by total scores on the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS; Diener, Emmons, &amp; Larson, 1985), Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ; Baer et al, 2006), and the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II; Hayes et al. 2004), respectively. Results suggested that college students' levels of dispositional mindfulness did not significantly moderate the relationship between minority status and life satisfaction. However, acceptance was found to significantly moderate the relationship between gender and life satisfaction, wherein as acceptance increased the difference in life satisfaction between male and female college students decreased. Additionally, the relationship between mindfulness and life satisfaction and acceptance and life satisfaction were explored through two bivariate correlation analyses. Results were consistent with previous literature suggesting mindfulness was significantly positively related to life satisfaction. College students who reported higher levels of dispositional mindfulness were found to have higher levels of life satisfaction. Additionally, college students who reported higher levels of dispositional acceptance were found to have higher levels of life satisfaction. Finally, the relationships between status (i.e., gender, race, and sexual orientation) and life satisfaction, controlling for health status, victimization, and income, were calculated through three ANCOVA analyses. Results suggested that male and female college students did not significantly differ in life satisfaction. LGBQ identified college students and heterosexual college students also were not found to significantly differ in life satisfaction. However, Black/African American/Afro-Caribbean college students were found to have significantly lower life satisfaction than White and Hispanic/Latino college students. None of the other race/ethnicities included in the study were found to significantly differ in life satisfaction. The implications of the present study's findings, limitations, and directions for future research are also presented.</p>

This study of community adults (N = 151) examined the role of avoidant coping and event stress in the relation between self-criticism (SC) and personal standards (PS) dimensions of perfectionism and depressive and anxious symptoms over four years. Participants completed questionnaires assessing perfectionism dimensions at Time 1, daily questionnaires measuring stress and coping at Month 6 and Year 3, and questionnaires assessing depressive and anxiety symptoms at Year 4. In contrast to PS, SC was consistently related to aggregated daily avoidant coping and event stress at Month 6 and Year 3, and depressive and anxious symptoms at Year 4. Structural equation modeling indicated that avoidant coping and event stress mediated the relation between SC and general depressive and anxious symptoms over four years. These findings demonstrate the importance of reducing avoidant coping and event stress appraisals in order to lower depressive and anxiety symptoms in individuals with higher self-critical perfectionism. / Cette étude d'adultes de la communauté (N = 151) a examiné le rôle des réponses d'évitement au stress et les évènements de vie stressants comme médiateurs dans la relation entre l'autocritique (SC) et les standards personnelle (PS) dimensions du perfectionnisme et les symptômes dépressifs et anxieux au cours de quatre ans. Les participants ont rempli des questionnaires évaluant les dimensions du perfectionnisme à Temps 1, des questionnaires quotidiens mesurant le stress et l'adaptation au stress à 6 Mois et l'Année 3, et des questionnaires évaluant les symptômes dépressifs et anxieux à l'Année 4. Contrairement à PS, SC a été constamment liée aux réponses d'évitement du stress et les évènements de vie stressants agrégée à 6 Mois et l'Année 3, et aux symptômes dépressifs et anxieux à l'Année 4. Modélisation par équation structurelle a indiqué que les réponses d'évitement au stress et les évènements de vie stressants sont des médiateurs de la relation entre le SC et les symptômes dépressif et anxieux général au cours de quatre ans. Ces résultats démontrent l'importance de réduire les réponses d'évitement au stress et les évaluations des évènements de vie stressants afin de diminuer les symptômes dépressifs et anxieux parmi les individus qui ont des niveaux plus élevés d'autocritique perfectionnisme.