Pain behaviour refers to the various actions or postural displays that are enacted during the experience of pain. In patients with pain, the expression of pain behaviours has been associated with a number of adverse pain-related outcomes, including higher levels of functional disability, and longer duration of occupational disability following work injury. Further, there is considerable anecdotal evidence indicating that patients who present with heightened levels of pain behaviours encounter the risk of being perceived as exaggerating or faking pain. The overarching goal of the present thesis was to explore the various intrapersonal (Study 1) and interpersonal (Studies 2 and 3) dimensions that may be associated with the expression of pain behaviours. The primary purpose of Study 1 was to examine the temporal stability of pain behaviours in patients with chronic back pain. Of interest was to examine whether the stability of pain behaviours could be accounted for by patients' sex, pain severity, or pain-related psychological factors. In this study, patients (n = 70) were videotaped on two separate occasions while performing a standardized lifting task designed to elicit pain behaviours. Taken together, results of this study provided evidence for the stability of pain behaviours in patients with chronic back pain. Results further showed that the stability of patients' pain behaviours could not be entirely accounted for by patients' sex, pain severity, or pain-related psychological factors.In Study 2, participants (i.e., observers; n = 70) watched video sequences of patients with chronic back pain performing a standardized lifting task designed to elicit pain behaviours. Following each video sequence, observers were asked to make judgments about patients' levels of pain intensity and readiness to work. For each patient, observers were also asked to make judgments about personality traits relevant to work performance and employment. The primary purpose of Study 2 was to examine the influence of different forms of pain behaviours (e.g., communicative, protective) on observers' judgments about patients' pain intensity and readiness to work. Results indicated that patients displaying either communicative (e.g., facial expressions) or protective (e.g., guarding) pain behaviours were perceived as having significantly more pain than patients displaying no pain behaviour. Interestingly, results indicated that patients displaying protective pain behaviours were perceived as being significantly less ready to work than patients displaying communicative pain behaviours. Follow-up analyses indicated that pain behaviours also exerted a significant influence on observers' judgments about patients' personality traits. In Study 3, participants (i.e., observers; n = 90) watched video sequences of chronic pain patients performing a standardized lifting task. In one condition, observers were asked to make judgments about patients' levels of pain intensity. In a second condition, suspicion was raised about the genuineness of patients' pain and observers were asked to make judgments about patients' levels of faking. The primary purpose of Study 3 was to examine the relative importance of pain behaviours and judgmental heuristics (e.g., gender stereotypes) in observers' inferences about pain intensity and pain genuineness (i.e., faking). Results indicated that observers relied on pain behaviours and judgmental heuristics both when making inferences about pain intensity and when making inferences about pain genuineness. Results, however, indicated that observers reduced their reliance on gender stereotypes and increased their reliance on patients' pain behaviours once suspicion was raised about the genuineness of patients' pain. Follow-up analyses revealed that observers relied significantly more on communicative pain behaviours than on protective pain behaviours when making judgments about the genuineness of patients' pain. / Le but général de cette thèse visait à explorer les dimensions intra-personnelles (Étude 1) et inter-personnelles (Études 2 et 3) liées à l'expression de la douleur. L'objectif principal de l'étude 1 était d'examiner la stabilité temporelle des comportements de douleur (ex: expressions faciales) chez des patients ayant une douleur lombaire chronique. Nous étions intéressés à examiner si la stabilité des comportements de douleur pouvait être attribuable au sexe des patients, à la sévérité de la douleur des patients, ou aux facteurs psychologiques des patients. Dans cette étude, des patients (n = 70) ont été filmés à deux occasions distinctes alors qu'ils performaient une tâche visant à susciter des comportements de douleur. Dans l'ensemble, les résultats de cette étude ont supporté la stabilité temporelle des comportements de douleur chez les patients ayant une douleur lombaire chronique. Les résultats ont aussi révélé que la stabilité des comportements de douleur n'était pas entièrement attribuable au sexe, à la sévérité de la douleur, ou aux facteurs psychologiques des patients.Dans l'étude 2, des participants (observateurs; n = 70) ont visionné des séquences vidéo de patients ayant une douleur lombaire en train d'exécuter une tâche provoquant de la douleur. Suite à chacune des séquences vidéos, les observateurs devaient juger le niveau de douleur ainsi que le niveau de capacité à travailler des patients. Les observateurs ont aussi été invités à effectuer des jugements par rapport aux traits de personnalité des patients présentés dans les séquences vidéos. Les résultats ont indiqué que les patients exprimant soit des comportements de communication (ex: grimaces) ou de protection (ex: se frotter le dos) ont été perçus comme ayant significativement plus de douleur que les patients n'exprimant aucun comportement de douleur. Les résultats ont aussi indiqué que les patients exprimant des comportements de protection ont été perçus comme étant significativement moins 'capables' de travailler que les patients exprimant des comportements de communication. Des analyses subséquentes ont indiqué que les comportements de douleur ont aussi exercé une influence significative sur les jugements des observateurs quant aux traits de personnalité des patients.Dans l'étude 3, les participants (observateurs; n = 70) ont visionné des séquences vidéo de patients ayant une douleur lombaire en train d'exécuter une tâche provoquant de la douleur. Dans une première condition, les observateurs ont jugé le niveau de douleur des patients présentés dans les séquences vidéos. Dans une deuxième condition, un doute a été soulevé quant à l'authenticité de la douleur des patients, et les observateurs ont été invités à juger le niveau d'authenticité ('faking') de chacun des patients présentés dans les séquences vidéos. L'objectif principal de l'étude 3 était d'examiner l'impact des comportements de douleur et des stéréotypes de genre (sexe) lorsque les observateurs effectuent des jugements liés à la douleur et à l'authenticité de la douleur d'autrui. Les résultats ont indiqué que les observateurs ont utilisé les comportements de douleur ainsi que les stéréotypes de genre afin de juger l'intensité de la douleur ainsi que le niveau d'authenticité des patients. Les résultats ont toutefois indiqué que les observateurs ont diminué l'utilisation des stéréotypes et ont augmenté l'utilisation des comportements de douleur lorsque le doute a été soulevé et qu'ils ont été invités à juger le niveau d'authenticité des patients. Des analyses subséquentes ont révélé que les observateurs ont utilisé significativement plus les comportements de communication que les comportements de protection lorsqu'ils ont effectué des jugements quant à l'authenticité de la douleur des patients.

Research has demonstrated that attachment anxiety undermines our ongoing relationships; however, less is known about the role anxiety plays in the context of relationship initiation (Creasey & Jarvis, 2008; Mikulincer & Shaver, 2007). The present research therefore explored how attachment anxiety affects people's behaviour and outcomes in initial interactions. The first manuscript presents two studies using a social dilemma game paradigm. In the first study, chronic attachment anxiety was associated with uncertainty about cooperation and longer decision latencies in selecting their behaviour. In the second study, the contextual activation of attachment security was used to ameliorate the effects of chronic anxiety. The next two manuscripts examined more overtly interpersonal contexts. In the second manuscript, field data collected at speed-dating demonstrated that attachment anxiety was associated with lower romantic selectivity—that is, more anxious participants made attempts to pursue further contact with a larger number of potential dating partners—and decreased romantic popularity—more anxious participants were pursued for further contact by fewer potential dating partners. In a signal detection analysis, it was shown that more anxious participants were therefore making more false alarms, or maximizing the number of failed relationship initiation attempts. Finally, the third manuscript sought to test a meditational model, wherein the link between attachment anxiety and negative social outcomes in initial interactions was mediated by theory-derived interpersonal displays. In a first study, participants filmed a video introducing themselves to an attractive, available confederate in another room; these videos were coded by peer research assistants. In a second study, participants engaged in speed-dating and were evaluated by potential dating partners. In a third study, participants engaged in a semi-structured, 40 minute interaction with a confederate. Video / Bien que les recherches soutiennent l'idée que l'attachement anxieux a des effets indésirables sur nos relations interpersonnelles courantes, on en sait encore peu quant au rôle joué par l'anxiété sur l'initiation d'une relation (Creasey & Jarvis, 2008; Mikulincer & Shaver, 2007). La présente recherche explore donc comment l'attachement anxieux affecte les comportements des individus et l'initiation d'une interaction. Le premier manuscrit inclut deux études ayant utilisé un jeu portant sur un dilemme social. Dans la première étude, l'attachement anxieux chronique était associé avec l'incertitude concernant la coopération et une plus longue période de latence quant au choix des comportements. Dans la deuxième étude, l'activation contextuelle de la sécurité d'attachement a été utilisée afin d'améliorer les effets de l'anxiété chronique. Les deux autres manuscrits examinent plus directement différents contextes interpersonnels. Dans le deuxième manuscrit, des données recueillies sur le terrain lors d'un speed-dating ont démontré que l'attachement anxieux était associé à une sélectivité romantique plus faible. En d'autres mots, les participants plus anxieux ont tenté de poursuivre les contacts amorcés lors du speed-dating avec un plus grand nombre de partenaires amoureux potentiels. De plus, ils avaient une popularité romantique plus faible, c'est-à-dire que moins de partenaires amoureux potentiels choisissaient de poursuivre avec les participants anxieux. Dans une analyse de détection de signaux, les participants qui étaient davantage anxieux, faisaient plus de fausses alarmes ou maximisaient le nombre de tentatives échouées d'initiation de relation. Finalement, le troisième manuscrit évalue un modèle de médiation où les manifestations interpersonnelles agissent comme médiateur dans le lien entre l'attachement anxieux et les effets sociaux négatifs lors d'une première interaction. Dans une première étude, les part

<p> Healthy romantic relationships are positively associated with physical and mental health outcomes, and past research has shown that traditional masculinity negatively impacts relationship satisfaction. The current study examined the effects of men's discrepancies between their self-ratings and perceptions of their peers' on autonomous and pressured motivations to act agentically on relationship outcomes for both partners in a heterosexual relationship. In addition, men's investment in gender ideals was measured as a potential moderator and men's self-esteem as a potential mediator. Specifically, it was predicted that men's self-esteem would mediate the association between the investment-by-discrepancies (autonomous and pressured) interactions and relationship satisfaction reported by both partners. Results of polynomial regressions on 183 romantic relationship dyads did not support predictions. Limitations presented include scale validity, the correlational design of the study, and the conceptualization of pressured and autonomous motivations as opposites of each other. Future directions included exploring the various forms of men's agentic extrinsic motivations and how they associate with relationship outcomes; and the utilization of real-time relationship behaviors observed during an interaction between romantic relationship partners. </p>

<p> The purpose of this study was to identify those skills that help demonstrate social competency in a structured leisure time activity. By using a contextual assessment approach to identify social behaviors that are valued by multiple stakeholders in Girls Scout troops, it may be possible to develop social skills interventions for children involved in Scouting who are experiencing social difficulties in that setting. </p><p> Data were collected from Scouts, troop leaders, and parents in three Brownie and Junior Scouts troops for a total of 15 Scouts, 3 leaders and 2 or 3 parent participants from each Scouting level. Grounded theory was used to analyze the data and develop a template of meaningful social behaviors for girls participating in Scouting. To ensure the fidelity of the conclusions drawn from the data, a member check, peer reviews, and triangulation were completed. </p><p> Two social behaviors, helps others and respects others, were agreed upon by participants across both age levels and participant categories in Scouting and would have high social validity as targets for interventions in the groups studied. Eight additional behaviors were agreed upon by the majority of participant categories and groups, and would also be expected to have high social validity as they were indicated by the majority of stakeholders. Future research is needed that not only identifies social behaviors with high social validity using a contextual assessment approach, but also expands on the research by conducting and monitoring the results of social skills interventions using the behaviors identified through the contextual assessment.</p>

<p> The purpose of this research study was to examine the organizational identification process specifically in relationship to how a member identifies with the organizational identity claims in an organization in which he or she is a member. This study specifically sought to understand the members' identification with each of the identity claims or a subset of the claims of an organization over time. </p><p> The primary research question that guided the study was as follows: "How does organizational identification emerge over time in a multiethnic organization with multiple identity claims?" The study took place in a local multiethnic church. A qualitative case study method was employed as 16 church members were interviewed in order to understand the individual nature of their identification process. </p><p> The study found that as organizational identification emerged, participants responded to a set of multiple identity claims in a hierarchical manner. This resulted in the participants emerging with a primary identification to one of the organizational claims and a secondary identification to the reminder of the organizational claims. The study also found that the search for a church based on identity claims had an effect on the timeframe for identification, and the presence of faith was a significant influencer in the identification process. </p><p> This study helps to foster an understanding of the process of member choice to identify with the organizational claims as a subset of claims or the shifting hierarchy of organizational identity claims in the process. The implication of multiple identity claims and varied identification to specific claims ultimately calls into question the nature of the definition of organizational identification. These implications also extend to the members themselves as they seek to identify or understand their sense of belonging to the organization.</p>

<p> Direct care staff in Residential Treatment Centers (RTC) are the primary delivery agent of milieu therapy for Severely Emotionally Disturbed (SED) youth, spending time with the children for most of their waking hours. The current body of research suggests that direct care staff in RTC are an important, but under-measured element of the RTC system of care. The Staff Perception and Assessment of Residential Treatment of Adolescents and Children in the United States (SPARTAC-US) is a quantitative survey designed to assess staff beliefs about their role in the RTC model of care with SED youth. Questions are addressed about efficacy of treatment, beliefs about etiology of mental illness, compassion satisfaction, interpersonal style, and workplace satisfaction. It is hoped that factors that emerge from the survey will validate the hypothesis that there are distinct constructs related to residential staff interacting with SED adolescents and children.</p>

<p> The traditional focus in social psychological research on bias has been concentrated on persons belonging to a sole disadvantaged social category: Research on race has primarily focused on Black and other racial minority men, while research on gender has historically centered on White women. Consequently, instances of <i>intersectionality</i>, the junction of two or more subordinate identities, are understudied. The primary objective of the present work is to identify how intersectionality interacts with contextual factors to influence social perceptions and interactions. I concentrate on the intersection of race and gender in social perception and interactions with a specific focus on the social implications of Black women's double-minority status. Across four experiments, I provide empirical evidence that suggests that: Black women are perceived to be non-prototypical members of both their race and gender ingroups, social prototypicality is a malleable characteristic that may be contextually manipulated, Black women evade traditionally-feminine prescriptive stereotypes, Black women evade negative attention in threatening contexts, and Black women are afforded a relative advantage (vs. singly non-prototypical targets) in positive social contexts. The implications for future intersectionality research are discussed.</p>

The purpose of the present thesis was to investigate the role of specific cognitive representations in some of people's important life outcomes. Episodic memories were chosen as one type of specific cognitive representation and psychological need satisfaction was identified as a core affective and procedural representation of these memories. In Article 1, need satisfaction was found to be an essential psychological component of episodic memories and to be associated with well-being. This relationship also remained after controlling for other memory components that have been used in past research and for various measures of self-knowledge such as traits. Article 2 expanded the investigation of the association between need satisfaction in episodic memories and well-being by examining their prospective relationship as well as the potential causal mechanism implicated in this relationship. Article 3 examined the role of need satisfaction in episodic memories related to a context, namely romantic relationships, and showed the context-dependent value of episodic memories, as well as their behavioral and long-term consequences. Overall, these three articles suggest that episodic memories are particularly at play in people's lives and that they reflect an important measurement level to take into account. The General Discussion of the present thesis outlines the advantages of examining specific cognitive representations in the fields of social and personality psychology. / Le but de la présente thèse était d'investiguer le rôle des représentations cognitives spécifiques sur certains aspects importants de la vie des gens. Les souvenirs épisodiques ont été choisis comme un type de représentation cognitive spécifique et la satisfaction des besoins psychologiques a été identifiée comme une composante affective et procédurale centrale à ces souvenirs. Dans l'Article 1, la satisfaction des besoins s'est révélée être une composante psychologique essentielle des souvenirs épisodiques associée au bien-être psychologique. Cette association est également demeurée significative après avoir contrôlé pour l'effet de d'autres composantes des souvenirs qui ont été utilisées dans des recherches passées et pour l'effet de plusieurs mesures de connaissances de soi conceptuelles comme les traits. L'Article 2 a approfondi l'examen de l'association entre la satisfaction des besoins dans les souvenirs et le bien-être en testant leur relation prospective de même que le mécanisme causal potentiel impliqué dans cette relation. L'Article 3 a examiné le rôle de la satisfaction des besoins dans les souvenirs reliée à un contexte, soit celui des relations de couple, de même que leurs conséquences à long termes et comportementales. En somme, ces trois articles suggèrent que les souvenirs épisodiques sont particulièrement en jeu dans la vie des gens et qu'ils reflètent un niveau de mesure important à prendre en considération. La Discussion Générale de la présente thèse illustre les avantages d'examiner des représentations cognitives spécifiques dans les champs de la psychologie sociale et de la personnalité.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Pacific Graduate School of Psychology, 1988. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 51-02, Section: B, page: 1042. Chairperson: Karl J. Mueller.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Pacific Graduate School of Psychology, 1989. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 51-03, Section: B, page: 1545. Chair: Nancy Bliwise.