It is argued that two large groups of disorders can be distinguished in the field of psychopathology, (1) which divide between them the psychoses, neuroses and personality disorders; ( 2) the dynamics of which are those of Klein's paranoid-schizoid and depressive positions, respectively; and (3) which are distinguished by nine basic contrasts in symptomatology and dynamics, all of which are expressive of the opposition self-centred/other-centred. These three hypotheses form the interpersonal model of psychopathology, and are supported by argument from works of Foulds, Jung, Abraham, Fairbairn, Klein, Angyal, Winnicott and Heidegger. It is suggested that the interpersonal model can facilitate the dialogue between psychoanalysis and phenomenology

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Reward and punishment have been studied in the laboratory for their relative effects on learning processes and on perceptual processes they have been studied in the classroom for their relative effects on learning and on modification of performance of various motor and mental tasks; they have been studied in relation to intellectual, age and sex factors, and temperamental or personality factors; and they have recently been studied in a clinical setting in connection with problems of psychopathology, The studies concerned with personality variables reflect a broadening concern with personality dynamics that has accompanied the recent rapid expansion of interest in the clinical area of psychology. They strongly suggest that there are differences related to personality factors in the effects and perhaps the effectiveness of rewarding and punishing incentive conditions. It was to explore some of the implications of these studies and to extend the empirical data in this area that the present research was designed. It was to explore some of the implications of these studies and to extend the empirical data in this area that the present research was designed. To provide a framework for the discussion which follows the major aspects of two studies will be outlined. / This thesis was digitized as part of a project begun in 2014 to increase the number of Duke psychology theses available online. The digitization project was spearheaded by Ciara Healy.

M.A. (Clinical Psychology) / The theory on the interpretation of dreams is one of Freud's most important contributions to psychology. Unfortunately very little empirical research of Freudian dream theory has been done because of the difficulty in operationalizing Freudian concepts. In this study an attempt has been made to overcome this difficulty by introducing an empirical referent namely manifest dream content. The aim of this study is to indicate that there is a correspondence between personality types and manifest dream content ...

背景:人類的思維可以構思為一個由很多「結」(nodes) 互相連接而組成的認知網絡(cognitive network) 。這個認知網絡從兒時開始發展及建立。只有那些有較強聯繫關係的結才會一同起動，從而影響我們的反應。不同的心理病態相信有不同的認知網絡。本研究旨在探索不同的心理病患的認知網絡，包括焦慮、抑鬱及具攻擊性。 / 研究方法:是項研究分為兩個階段，數據分別從臨床病患及社區人士中收集。第一階段旨在使用自由聯想法(Free association technique) 探究不同組別對焦慮、抑鬱及其攻擊性的觀念。數據由三個個別組別，包括83 個抑鬱症病患、139 焦慮症病患、43 個具攻擊性人士，及相對的105 、102 和110 個社區人士中集得。收集到的短句、詞語或描述會被整理及排序。在第二階段中，資料從另外108、106及102個臨床病患和相對的114、102及101 個社區人士三個個別組別中收集。他們需要評估在第一個階段中制定的認知觀念量表。獲得的數據會透過SPSS 的多元尺度法(Multidimensional Scaling) 進行分析，從而了解不同的認知網絡。 / 結果:得到抑鬱、焦慮、及具攻擊性的三幅認知網絡的圖像。進一步的分析顯示抑鬱症患者的認知網絡傾向聯繫抑鬱反應，但卻較少聯繫到正面的應對方式。相反，對照組則較偏向把抑鬱和正面的應對方式聯繫在一起。焦慮、症患者較容易聯想到一些長期、不間斷的社會心理壓力，例如跟家庭有關的問題和工作。不過，對照組則傾向把焦慮、聯繫到一些偶發性的不利事情，例如交通意外和死亡。具攻擊性的人較常想及有關個人不公平的情況，例如低薪及長工作時間，但對照組較多聯想到不公平的社會狀況，例如商業社會。 / 結論:研究資料顯示抑鬱、焦慮和具攻擊性的認知網絡可以透過自由聯想法和多元尺度的分析方法識別出來。研究發現臨床病患跟社區成人在認知網絡上有不同的聯繫模式。是項研究的其中一個重要貢獻是制定了跟抑鬱、焦慮及具攻擊性三份認知觀念量表，可用作衡量及比較抑鬱、焦慮及具攻擊性的認知網絡的工具。 / Background: Our mind can be conceptualized as a cognitive network depicting as a string of inter-linked nodes which developed since childhood from daily experiences. Only nodes which share stronger association strengths are expected to co-activate to guide our reactions. Different cognitive networks are believed operating in different psychopathological states. This study sought to explore the cognitive networks of different psychopathology, namely, anxiety, depression, and aggression. / Method: The study composed of two stages and data was collected from clinical patients and community adults. The first stage aimed at construct generation (i.e., to explore the nodes) of depression, anxiety, and aggression using the technique of free association. Three separate groups of 83 depressed patients, 139 anxiety patients, and 43 aggressive individuals, and three corresponding community controls of 105, 102, and 110 were recruited. The obtained phrases, words, or descriptors were tabulated and rank ordered. In Phase 2, another three disordered groups of 108, 106, and 102 individuals and three corresponding community controls of 114, 102, and 101 were asked to rate on the construct lists generated in Phase 1. Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) analysis using SPSS was employed to empirically model the networks. / Results: Three separate visual maps of anxiety, depression, and aggression were obtained. Further analyses showed that depressed patients acquire a cognitive network involving mainly depressive responses. Yet, they are not so likely to activate positive coping in their cognitive network. On the other hand, normal controls tend to associate depression with positive coping. Anxiety patients more likely associate anxiety with psychosocial stressors like family and work which is considered to be unremitting whereas community controls more likely relate anxiety with adverse life events such as traffic accidents and death which are sporadic. Aggressive individuals more likely to think of unfairness relating to personal injustice and inequality such as low wages and long working hours while the normal controls more likely associate aggression with unfairness related to broad societal concerns and injustice such as commerce. / Conclusion: Findings show that cognitive networks of depression, anxiety, and aggression can be successfully identified by using the technique of free association and MDS. Clinical patients have different association patterns than the community controls. An important contribution of this study is to generate three construct lists which contain cognitive constructs on depression, anxiety, and aggression, and to evaluate and compare the cognitive networks of different psychopathology. Implications of the findings were discussed. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Wong, Mei Ting. / "December 2011." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 178-200). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese; some appendixes also in Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.i / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.v / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.ix / LIST OF TABLES --- p.xii / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.xiv / CHAPTER / Chapter I --- COGNITIVE MODEL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY --- p.1 / Introduction --- p.1 / The Cognitive Model --- p.3 / Schema-focused Therapy --- p.11 / Schema and Psychopathology --- p.13 / Origins and Development of Schemas --- p.19 / Schema Activation --- p.25 / Summary --- p.26 / Chapter II --- NETWORY THEORY OF AFFECT --- p.27 / Network Theory --- p.27 / Network Theory of Affect --- p.30 / Research Related to the Network Theory of Affect --- p.34 / Summary --- p.43 / Chapter III --- EXPECTANCY AND BEHAVIOR --- p.45 / Expectancy --- p.45 / Alcohol Expectancy Memory Network --- p.47 / Conclusion --- p.52 / Chapter IV --- RESEARCH QUESTIONS --- p.53 / Research Questions and Objectives --- p.56 / Chapter V --- METHODS --- p.61 / The Present Study --- p.62 / Design --- p.62 / Participants --- p.64 / Instruments --- p.66 / Data Analysis --- p.83 / Pilot Study --- p.85 / Chapter VI --- RESULTS --- p.86 / Descriptive Statistics --- p.86 / Psychometric Properties of the Assessment Instruments --- p.94 / Refinement of Constructs Lists Generated in Phase One --- p.99 / Demographic Variables --- p.114 / Multidimensional Scaling --- p.121 / Chances of Co-activation between ConstructslNodes --- p.132 / Comparisons between Clinical and Community Groups --- p.140 / Chapter VII --- DISCUSSION --- p.159 / CognitiveNetwork of Different Psychopathology --- p.160 / Differences in Cognitive Networks between Clinical and Community Groups Free Association --- p.172 / Limitation of the Study and Future Direction --- p.174 / REFERENCES --- p.178 / APPENDICES A --- p.201 / APPENDICES B --- p.207 / APPENDICES C --- p.208

Thesis (M.A.)--York University, 2003. Graduate Programme in Psychology. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 56-63). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL:http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url%5Fver=Z39.88-2004&res%5Fdat=xri:pqdiss&rft%5Fval%5Ffmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft%5Fdat=xri:pqdiss:MQ99384

Thèse--Toulouse. / Includes bibliographical references. "Bibliographie": p. [543]-560.

Thesis (Ph. D.) in Psychology--University of Maine, 2002. / Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 136-144).

published_or_final_version / abstract / toc / Clinical Psychology / Master / Master of Social Sciences

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