Prior to independence, there were no clear regulations regarding the discipline of "publics office available in the United Arab Emirates and other countries of the Gulf Co-Operation Council. However, the postindependence era has witnessed great developments in political, economic, social and legal fields. Particular attention was accorded to public office as new laws regulating public office were promulgated in which the duties and rights of public servants were defined and a certain disciplinary system evolved. Against this background, the researcher examines the current disciplinary system in the United Arab Emirates with the purpose of pinpointing its deficiencies and limitations and proposing means for rectifying the same, as this would lead to a higher level of performance in the public service. The present thesis, which falls into eight chapters, begins by reviewing the developments that have taken place in the country in various fields. It then examines the Islamic perspective of the public service and reviews the early beginnings of its evolution. The study then discusses the duties and responsibilities of the public servant as per the current Public Service Law. It further deals with the various aspects of disciplinary accountability including disciplinary bodies, penalties and proceedings with special reference to the said law. This theoretical xix background is followed by an investigation of the actual implementation of the said law in particular those provisions pertaining to disciplinary accountability. For this purpose, a questionnaire was administered to a representative sample of 305 public servants of the United Arab Emirates. Personal interviews were also conducted by the researcher with a number of high-ranking government officials. The results of the questionnaire and interviews are then analyzed. Some recommendations and suggestions aimed at improving the U. A. E. Civil Service regulations and practices especially in the disciplinary domain are made in the final chapter.

Les administrations publiques utilisent de plus en plus fréquemment le contrat dans le cadre de la mise en œuvre de leurs politiques publiques, au détriment de l’acte unilatéral. La tendance qui se banalise est celle d’un usage de l’outil contractuel pour satisfaire à des besoins pourtant considérés comme traditionnels tels que le recrutement et la gestion des agents publics ; c’est le « phénomène de contractualisation ». Ce constat est plus flagrant en Espagne qu’en France où le contrat occupe une place prépondérante dans les relations professionnelles, car les administrations sont libres de choisir au cas par cas entre le recrutement par voie de concours ou par contrat. Pour en arriver au constat selon lequel ce phénomène se généralise au sein des fonctions publiques française et espagnole, il convient de revenir sur la double influence du droit de l’Union européenne et du droit du travail. En parallèle, les catégories d’agents non titulaires se sont multipliées ce qui conduit à s’interroger sur la nature juridique du contrat concerné, qu’il soit à durée déterminée ou indéterminée ; sur les droits et obligations des agents concernés ainsi que leur place vis-à-vis des fonctionnaires statutaires ; les incertitudes en cas de non renouvellement de contrat et la précarité engendrée par ces situations. Toutefois, normalement, c’est la réussite à un concours qui conditionne l’entrée dans la fonction publique, ce phénomène est donc dérogatoire au droit de la fonction publique. Il remet donc en question l’existence d’un « Statut » mais également, plus profondément, revient sur les fondements essentiels de la fonction publique. C’est ainsi que l’analyse comparée des systèmes des deux pays a pour objet de mettre en lumière les interrogations contemporaines qui bouleversent aujourd’hui la légitimité de l’institution de la fonction publique. / Public administrations use contracts more frequently as part of the implementation of public policies at the expense of unilateral acts. This trend is becoming commonplace, the usage of contracts are to satisfy needs, but are considered traditional, such as for recruitment and the management of public officials; this is the "contracting phenomenon". This finding is more evident in Spain than in France where contracts occupy a prominent place in professional relations, authorities are free to decide case by case between recruitment by competition or by contract. To arrive at this observation: this phenomenon is widespread within the French and Spanish public functions, we should return to the double influence of the European Union laws and the labor law. In parallel, the number of non-permanent staff have increased which raises questions about the legal nature of the contract concerned, whether for a fixed or indefinite period; on the rights and obligations of the agent involved and their place against the statutory civil servants; uncertainties in case of non renewal ofcontracts and insecurity caused by these situations. However, it is the success in a national entry examination that determines the entry into public service; this phenomenon is not with holding the right of the public service. There are questions about the existence of a "status" but also, more profoundly, discussions about the essential foundations of public service. Therefore the comparative analysis of the systems used by both countries is to bring out contemporary questioning that upturns the legitimacy of the institution of the public service today.

Afin d’éviter toute activité, fonction ou situation privée incompatible avec l’emploi public, le droit de la fonction publique s’inscrit dans un régime strict des prohibitions. Notre étude consiste à identifier les contraintes normées, générales et impersonnelles, et celles qui sont d’inspirations communes mais traduites différemment grâce à l’apport de la composante déontologique, les « incompatibilités fonctionnelles ». Nous précisons aussi les nouvelles hypothèses d’un possible aménagement de l’emploi public avec d’autres activités et les nouvelles règles dans la manière de prendre ses distances avec son service (le pantouflage). Enfin, comme il n’y a pas de réglementation professionnelle sans contrôle de son respect et sans sanction de sa violation, nous étudions les dispositifs préventifs et répressifs. / The incompatibilities of the civil service.In order to avoid that any activity, service or private situation constituting an incompatibility with the pubic employment, the law on civil service is based on a strict regime of prohibitions. Therefore, our study consists on identifying standard, general, impersonal constraints, as well as constraints which despite being of common inspirations, have a different reflection with the contribution of the ethical component called "the functional incompatibilities".Additionally, we will precise the new assumptions of a possible modulation of the public employment along with other activities, and the new rules that govern the way distance can be taken with once service (the revolving door).Finally, and since no professional regulation exist without the control of its application and the sanctions of its violation, we will study the relative legal package of prevention and repression.

The master's thesis focuses on the role of the European Commission in the adoption of the Public Service Law (zákon č. 234/2014 Sb., o státní službě) in the Czech Republic. Its goal is to identify particular European Commission's tools of influence and their utilisation in the analysed case. The case study puts stress not only on hard methods (such as ex ante conditionality), but also on soft forms of influence (e.g. socialisation or persuasion). The Commission's tools were sorted according to Frank Schimmelfennig and Ulrich Sedelmeier's typology: 1) External-Incentive-Model; 2) Social-Learning- Model and 3) Lesson-Drawing-Model. The thesis combines two methodological approaches - process tracing and discursive analysis of relevant Czech actors. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and publically accessible documents.