Bibliography: pages 256-273. / The thesis has two objectives: First to establish what has happened to employment by the State and the causes behind changes. And second to establish the role the State has adopted as a labour market operator for white labour and the effects of this role. The work is divided into three parts: PART I: This establishes some of the economic foundations of the factors affecting State employment. The factors which affect total demand for State employment are those factors which determine the total demand and supply of public output. There are four interested parties who are affected by the supply of public output: Consumers who demand public output through voting and non-voting pressure; the government which designs public output to suit the median voter and to some extent overcomes the political uncertainty problem through the implementation of ideology; producers who affect public output through non-voting pressures; and the bureaucracy which produces public output under the criteria of: (i) when a pure public good is produced this is to the full extent of the bureau budget without regard for average and marginal cost conditions and (ii) in the production of a pure private good the bureau produces efficiency only if the trading surplus accrues to the bureau. PART II: This presents the collected data and discusses problems encountered in the establishment of the data. Employment is presented by race for the various sectors of the State (for example the Central Authorities or the Railways) and for the various types of activity undertaken by the State (for example the provision of Economic Services or Educational Services). PART III: This tackles the two objectives of the work and emerges with four findings. The most surprising result of the study was while State employment has grown, the growth in black employment was proportionately far greater than the growth in white employment. This growth is largely centred on the growth of black bureaucrats and teaching services in the employ of the Central Authorities in the 1950s and Homeland governments since the 1960s. Second, State employment by activity shows the interesting result that half of all State employment is involved in providing economic services. In 1980, education employment ranked as the second most important type of employment having constituted twenty per cent of State employment. Third, the State views its role as a white labour market operator as that of an 'employer of last resort' for white labour which it achieves by means of always having posts vacant for whites, especially at lower skilled white positions. The results of this are first, to set a minimum wage for whites and second, is likely to cause the State to operate inefficiently. Fourth, it appears that certain sectors of the State were constrained by fixed factor proportions. In the public service, the Railways and the Provincial Administrations, the ratio of black to white employed rarely exceeded 1:1 until very recently. The effect of this has been to limit the growth in employment of some of the sectors as a result of the State's difficulties in attracting white labour.

A project report submitted to the Faculty of Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering. / Until recently use of ionic chemical soil stabilisers seemed hit or miss. The paper by paige-Green and Bennett explains that the stabilisers work only on soils containing reactive clays. The author's findings confirm this conclusion. It was shown that a CBR test, which can be done in any road soils laboratory, can be used to measure the chanqe in strength caused by the treatment of the soil with a chosen ionic stabiliser. South Africa is faced with a serious unemployment problem. The World Bank and the International Labour Organisation have shown that employment in construction can be significantly increased by the use of labour instead of machinery. Field trials showed that ionic stabilisers can readily be applied labour intensively. These stabilisers could improve marginal materials to road-building standard and this could further reduce the dependence on machinery by reducing the need to transport quantities of high quality gravel. / Andrew Chakane 2019