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Material flow in a wood-chip refinerFan, Xiaolin January 1987 (has links)
No description available.
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Dynamic simulation of the first two stages of a kraft softwood bleach processMackinnon, John, 1963- January 1987 (has links)
No description available.
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The role of surfactants in kraft pulping of different wood species /Chen, Dezhi, 1982- January 2007 (has links)
No description available.
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Use of polymers and a surfactant in the treatment of Kraft process wastewaterSeyffert, Hans J. 10 June 2012 (has links)
This study-investigated the use of cationic polymers, and a surfactant, EHDABr, in the color removal treatment of Kraft pulp and paper wastewater. Four polymers were evaluated for their color removal performance by jar test procedures. The polymers removed between 77 and 87% of the wastewater color. The affect of pH upon polymer performance varied with the polymer tested. Powdered activated carbon addition improved the performance of the polymers.
The color removal ability of EHDABr was evaluated by jar test, and by continuous-flow foam flotation.. EHDABr removed 77% of the wastewater color by jar test and was relatively unaffected by pH variation. The addition of powdered activated carbon improved EHDABr performance in jar tests.
EHDABr removed 90% of the wastewater color by continuous-flow, foam flotation. Color bodies were precipitated in the foaming system before being removed by flotation. Total suspended solids removal improved with increasing column detention time. / Master of Science
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Production of a cloned xylanase gene in Bacillus cereus and its performance in kraft pulp prebleachingTremblay, Louis January 1993 (has links)
No description available.
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Sulfur Diffusion Into Softwood ChipsSmith, Gregory Douglas 28 November 2005 (has links)
Environmental concerns and cost reduction have been the focus of pretreatment and extended delignification in Kraft pulping for some time now. Previous work has looked at the diffusion of tritiated water into softwood chips. This thesis looks at the diffusion of Na2S into southern pine softwood chips. Two size fractions were used. The measured diffusion data were compared to the equilibrium of mixing between the HS ion and water alone. Since pine is porous, effective diffusivities were calculated for each size fraction using a 1-dimensional model. Tortuosities were then calculated for the HS / pine wood system. These diffusivities are compared to values previously obtained for tritiated water.
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An analysis of Sappi Saiccor's effluent streams.Ismail, Fathima. January 2003 (has links)
SAPPI SAICCOR is a pulp and paper mill situated in Umkomaas, 50 kms south of the port of Durban in South Africa. It was the first company to produce high grade dissolving pulp from the Eucalyptus tree and is currently the world's largest manufacturer of chemical cellulose. SAICCOR is one of the few pulp and paper mills that produces its dissolving pulp by the acid sulphite process using both calcium and magnesium as bases in the form of calcium bisulphite and magnesium bisulphite. Four streams of effluent are produced during their process, namely, the calcium spent liquor, the magnesium pulp condensate and two streams from the bleaching stages. An acid hydrolysis of the effluent streams yielded a range of organic compounds such as lignans and lignin - type precursors as well as a triterpenoid. Column chromatography and thin layer chromatography, using various ratios of hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol, were carried out in isolating and purifying the compounds. The structures of these compounds were determined using NMR spectroscopic and mass spectrometric techniques. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2003.
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Comparative refining characteristics of northern and southern hemisphere bleached softwood Kraft species.Palmer, B. January 2009 (has links)
An experiment was designed to test the hypothesis that each softwood pulp is unique and
requires a specific, well defined mechanical treatment to derive its maximum strength potential.
Three bleached softwood Kraft pulps and respective wood samples were sourced from both the
Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The raw fibre characteristics of P. patula (Southern
Hemisphere), P. menziesii (Northern Hemisphere) and P. mariana (Northern Hemisphere) were
measured and compared. The raw pulp sheets were refined at different energies and intensities
under controlled laboratory conditions using a 12” single disc pilot refiner. Results were
assessed to determine the raw fibre characteristics, optimum refining conditions and the relative
refined strength potential for each of the three samples.
Results from anatomy measurements on the three wood samples differed significantly. P. patula
exhibited a relatively high proportion of springwood growth in the early growing years. As the
P. patula aged and formed mature wood there was a significant increase in the frequency of
latewood formation. This was characterized by an abrupt and significant increase in the wall
thickness, beyond that of the two Northern softwood samples. When the cell wall thickness
increased, the lumen width and fibre diameter of the P. patula decreased significantly, yielding
extremely coarse, stiff fibres.
The Northern P .mariana and P. menziesii samples were characterized by a relatively consistent
transition between high and low densities from the pith to the bark of the tree. The Southern P.
patula had a unique density trend with an increasing frequency of high density peaks indicative
of an increased latewood formation from the pith to the bark.
The slower growing Northern P. menziesii and P. mariana samples did not have as clear a
differentiation in fibre characteristics between juvenile and mature wood formation. The
Northern samples did however contain a significantly higher proportion of juvenile latewood
growth than the P. patula. However, the difference in fibre characteristics between earlywood
and latewood formation was not as significant as that noted with the Southern P. patula
Fibre morphology measurements on the unrefined bleached Kraft pulps also revealed significant
differences between the three samples. The average MORFI LAB01 results on the P. patula
defined fibres with a high coarseness and relatively low number of fibres per gram of pulp. The
extremely coarse latewood fibres formed during mature wood growth being the most likely
source. However, P. patula was also characterized with a high fibre flexibility and large lumen,
characteristics consistent with earlywood fibres. The Pulmac Z-Span 3000 was used to define
the individual fibre strength, when due consideration was given to the number of fibres per
gram, the corrected Pulmac results suggested P. patula had the strongest fibres.
When refined, using a standard disc refining programme, P. patula exhibited a fast freeness
development. Conventional thinking would suggest that this was an indication of a weaker fibre.
However, this species had a robust morphology compared to the Northern Hemisphere woods.
The theory developed in this dissertation suggests that the effect of coarseness and the
concomitant number of fibres per gram plays a significant role. These two parameters are not
included in the “traditional” refining calculations. The applied refining load and intensity was
calculated on the flow of the pulp passing through the refiner. The calculation did not consider
the actual number of fibres present in that specific volume. The implication is that when a fixed
refining load is applied to a pulp with coarse fibres there may be a higher effective load on those
fewer fibres (resulting in fibre cutting and fines generation). In this case, the Northern samples
have a comparatively low coarseness and more fibres per gram with each receiving a smaller
portion of the total load and intensity.
In terms of refined pulp properties, P. patula developed a relatively high bulk and tear index
consistent with coarse, rigid fibres. The Northern P. mariana and P. menziesii samples produced
a pulp with good tensile properties, consistent with a greater number of finer, collapsible fibres
with a higher relative bonding area.
P. patula fibres were extremely heterogeneous in nature containing the smallest relative lumen
width during latewood formation and the largest lumen width during earlywood growth. As a
result, P. patula contains extremes of both fine and coarse fibres in the same blend. It may be
more beneficial for this species than the others to improve both the tear and tensile properties
through fibre fractionation with appropriate development of the separate accepts and rejects
streams.
In terms of fibre development, low intensity refining parameters maximized the tensile strength
of the Southern P. patula. The Northern P. mariana and P. menziesii samples had a greater
number of fibres per gram of pulp requiring both a higher refining energy and intensity to
develop the pulp to its maximum potential. To develop optimum tear results, high intensity
refining, with a relatively low specific energy provided optimum results for all 3 samples.
Results confirmed that there were significant differences in the fibre morphology both between
the three different species and between the two Hemispheres. There was strong evidence that the
fibre characteristics dictate the manner in which a fibre responds to refining which in turn
determines the relative contribution to specific refined pulp properties. It may be possible to use
fibre characteristics to determine the appropriate refining parameters for optimal fibre
development which will enhance the value of the end product.
To derive the maximum strength potential from P. patula pulp samples, it is recommended that
further studies investigate Hydracyclone fractionation and the concomitant benefits of refining
the separate streams. Furthermore, a separate study on fibre morphology and refining
characteristics of the same species grown in both the Northern and Southern Hemisphere would
provide valuable insight. / Thesis (M.Sc.Eng)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2009.
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Mathematical modelling and experimental study of the kinetics of the acid sulphite pulping of eucalyptus wood.Watson, Edward. January 1992 (has links)
The chemistry of the batch cooking process at Sappi Saiccor, relating to both the pulp and liquor, was investigated with the aim of using kinetic expressions to develop an improved process control model. The mill produces dissolving pulps using the acid sulphite method. Three process reactions were identified as important: cellulose hydrolysis, delignification and hemicellulose dissolution. Of these, cellulose hydrolysis is the most important since the primary aim is to achieve a targeted cellulose degree of polymerisation (DP) or viscosity (DP is commonly expressed in terms
of this measurement). This is directly determined by the rate of this reaction during the cook, and the acidity of the cooking liquor was found to be the key factor. As existing equipment was not suitable for obtaining the data required to perform a kinetic analysis, a pilot plant was constructed. A commercially available probe was used for the first time to measure pH directly. The measured acidity is not directly equivalent to hydrogen ion activity at these temperatures and pressures; however, since the conditions of each cook are similar the errors incurred were found to be constant from cook to cook. The probe was found to be prone to drift due to ageing and this was accounted for by using an 'on line' calibration based on a liquor analysis.
The kinetics of the cellulose hydrolysis reaction were determined using the on-line measurement of acidity and the concept of degradation increase (DI) which relates the reduction in DP value to the rate at which the polymeric chains are split. Delignification and hemicellulose dissolution were examined, since it is beneficial to maximise these reactions to reduce the quantities of chemicals consumed during the bleaching process. A model for controlling cooks to a set target cellulose DP value within a set time was developed based on the reaction kinetics. This was capable of predicting cooking conditions required with sufficient accuracy to control the cellulose DP value to within ±6 cp SNIA on the viscosity scale. / Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of Natal, 1992.
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Evaluating the feasibility of converting crude tall oil and tall oil fatty acids into biofuelNgcobo, Nkosinathi Cedrick January 2011 (has links)
Submitted in the fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2011. / The main objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of conversion of crude tall oil and tall oil fatty acids into biodiesel. During the Kraft pulping process, Crude Tall Oil originates as tall oil soap, which is separated from recovered black liquor. The soap is then converted to Crude Tall Oil by acidulation with sulphuric acid. The Crude Tall Oil is then fractionated by distillation to produce tall oil fatty acids (TOFA), rosin and pitch.
There were a number of conversional methods that were considered but proved to be inappropriate. A base-catalyzed method was inappropriate with due to the high free fatty acid content on the feedstock, and the acid-base catalyzed method was inappropriate due to the long reaction times and large excess of methanol required. An enzyme based conversion method was also found to be inappropriate because of the high price attached to the purchasing of the enzymes and the stability of the enzyme. A procedure of choice was the supercritical methanol treatment, due to the fact that it requires no separate catalyst.
A procedure was developed for both the feedstocks (i.e. crude tall oil and tall oil fatty acids) using the supercritical methanol treatment. In supercritical methanol treatment, feedstock and methanol were charged to a reactor and were subjected to temperatures and pressures beyond the critical point of methanol (Tc = 240 °C, Pc = 35 bar). The maximum biodiesel yield obtained from Crude tall oil was 66% and was 81% for the tall oil fatty acids that was produced in a single stage process. The temperature and methanol to feedstock ratio effects was also found to yield a maximum biodiesel yield at 325°C and 40:1 respectively. A 20 minutes reaction time was found to be appropriate for the maximum yield of biodiesel.
The final biodiesel produced was also evaluated against a commercial biodiesel product and its parameters measured. The biodiesel resulting from the tall oil fatty acid yielded parameters that were acceptable according to ASTM D6751 specifications for biodiesel. The biodiesel produced from the crude tall oil did not meet the ASTM D6751 specification, and this was mostly attributed to the presence of unsaponifiables which hindered the conversion of oil into biodiesel. / M
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