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Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2005. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Nematodes of the genus Ascaris are large gastrointestinal parasites. Ascaris lumbricoides infects ~1 billion people globally; causing malnutrition and general morbidity, and can block the gut or bile duct causing fatal complications. Ascaris suum is a parasite of pigs; in addition to its veterinary significance, it can occasionally be zoonotic, and is a good model of the human parasite. One of the main classes of drugs used to treat parasitic nematode infections are the cholinergic anthelmintics, such as levamisole and pyrantel, which act as agonists of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors at the nematode neuromuscular junction.

Tyrimo tikslas - nustatyti dviejų profilaktinio dehelmintizavimo programų efektyvumą šunų užsikrėtimui zoonotiniais ir kitais virškinamojo trakto helmintais Lietuvos kaimuose, naudojant kombinuotą antihelmintiką (prazikvantelis, pirantelis, febantelis). Baigiamojo darbo rengimo laikotarpis truko nuo 2011 m. iki 2013 m., dehelmentizuotų ir kontrolinių šunų užsikrėtimas buvo tiriamas 5-ių mėnesių laikotarpyje, nuo 2013-05 iki 2013-09. Visi tiriamieji šunys atsitiktinės atrankos būdu buvo suskirstyti į tris grupes. Pirma šunų grupė buvo dehelmintizuota vieną kartą, antra – du kartus su trijų mėnesių pertrauka (2 dehelmintizacijos), o kontrolinės grupės šunys buvo nedehelmentizuojami. Šunų užsikrėtimui virškinimo trakto helmintais nustatyti, kartą per mėnesį buvo tiriamos jų išmatos. Išmatos buvo renkamos nuo žemės prie šuns būdos arba iš aptvaro, kuriame šuo buvo laikomas. Šunų užsikrėtimui virškinimo trakto helmintais nustatyti, išmatų mėginiai buvo tiriami flotacijos metodu su cinko chloridu ir mikroskopuojami. Toxocara kiaušinėlių rūšiai nustatyti, jie buvo matuojami. Išmatų mėginiai, kuriuose buvo rasta Taeniidae kiaušinėlių, buvo nuosekliai praplaunami per neiloninį tinklelį (Mathis et al., 1996) ir surenkami vėliasniems molekuliniams tyrimams. Tyrimo metu buvo nustatyta, kad dažniausiai šunys buvo užsikrėtę Taeniidae cestodais (2,8%), Toxocara nematodais (2,8%), Uncinaria nematodais (5%) ir C. aerophilus (3,9%). Taikant kombinuotą antihelmintiką (prazikvantelis, pirantelis... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim - of the study was to determine the efficiency of two preventive deworming programs on gastrointestinal helminth infection in Lithuanian village dogs, using a combination of anthelmintics (praziquantel, pyrantel and febantel). The performed during - five month period, from 2013-05 to 2013-09. All dogs were randomly divided into three groups. The first group of dogs was dewormed once, a second - twice every three months (2 dewormings), and dogs in control group were not treated. The feces were examined once a month to determine the presence of gastrointestinal helminth infection. Feces were collected from the ground to dog kennels or enclosure in which the dog was kept. The fecal samples were examined by flotation method using zinc chloride flotation fluid and examined microscopically. Toxocara eggs were measured to determine the species. Fecal samples with Taeniidae eggs were washed sequentially through nylon mesh (Mathis et al., 1996) and eggs were isolated for further molecular differentiation. It was found that 2,8% of dogs were infected with cestodes Taeniidae, 2,8% with Toxocara nematodes, 5% with Uncinaria nematodes and 3,9% with C. aerophilus. The treatment with combination of anthelmintics (praziquantel, pyrantel, febantel) was effective reducing infection with Taeniidae cestodes and Toxocara nematodes (since 2,8% to 0,9% and 0%), Uncinaria nematodes (since 5% to 1,8%), C. aerophilus nematodes (since 3,9% to 1%). Deworming program was similarly effective and... [to full text]

A scaris is a genus of parasitic worms (helminths) found in the small intestine of various mammalian hosts, including Ascaris lumbricoides in humans, Parascaris equorum and P univalens in horses, Ascaris suum in pigs, Toxocara cati in cats and Toxocara canis in dogs. To date, Parascaris spp. are the only Ascaris worms that have developed resistance to anthelmintic drugs. The mechanisms of resistance in Parascaris spp are incompletely understood, partly due to the absence of robust in-vitro models. Further complicating in-vitro studies, Parascaris spp lack a free-living larval stage as their larva only hatch within the host. The aim of this study was to develop in-vitro methods for hatching, scoring the viability of Parascaris L3 larvae and exposing them to the anthelmintic drugs ivermectin, pyrantel, thiabendazole, and the herbal extract carvacrol. This study shows that mechanical Ascaris egg breaking using a homogenizer resulted in a hatching rate of 98%. Our viability scoring system could distinguish an ivermectin resistant larvae from an ivermectin susceptible larvae derived from different farms. This indicates that this method may have utility for the screening of larvae ivermectin resistance on the level of farm populations. Interestingly, a highly paralytic effect observed after carvacrol exposure. Carvacrol shows direct paralytic effects on Parascaris larvae in a dose-dependent manner, as higher concentrations were lethal to all exposed larvae. This result presents a potential future opportunity for carvacrol used in the treatment of Ascaris infections. To conclude our results, we have successfully developed an in-vitro model as well as a scoring system for the viability of Parascaris L3 stage larvae, which can be used for assaying the effect on larvae after drug exposure