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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Structural studies of minerals and glasses by X-ray absorption spectroscopy

Paris, Eleonora January 1996 (has links)
No description available.
2

Thermo-mechanical evolution of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle in extensional environment : Insights from the Beni Bousera peridotite massif (Rif belt, Morocco) / L’évolution thermo-mécanique du manteau lithosphérique sous-continental en contexte extensionnel : étude du massif de péridotites de Beni Bousera (chaine Rifaine, Maroc)

Frets, Erwin C. 26 October 2012 (has links)
Les processus de déformation contrôlant l'amincissement de la lithosphère continentale sont encoremal contraints. Nos connaissances sont principalement basées sur la modélisation thermomécaniqued'extension à l'échelle de la lithosphere—utilisant des lois rhéologiques derivées expérimentalement,l'imagerie géophysique et l'analyse de xénolithes provenant de rift continentaux actifs à ce jour, tels quele Rift Est-Africain. L'originalité de ce travail reside dans l'étude des deux plus grands massifs depéridotites sous-continentales ayant enregistrées des conditions primaires du facies à diamant: lesmassifs de Beni Bousera au nord du Maroc et de Ronda au sud de l'Espagne, respectivement. Lesstructures et la zonation petrologique et métamorphique —impliquant une évolution polybarique etpolythermique— préservéees dans ces massifs offrent une opportunité unique pour étudier l'évolutionthermo-mécanique du manteau sous-continental dans un contexte extensif.Dans ce travail, nous avons étudié les mécanismes de déformation des péridotites et despyroxénites afin de contraindre les modes d'exhumation du manteau lithosphérique sous-continental,depuis des conditions du facies des lherzolites à grenat, jusqu'au facies à spinelle et enfin à plagioclase.Nous avons combiné la cartographie des faciès tectono-métamorphiques et des structures ductiles dedéformation, l'analyse des microstructures, la mesure d'orientations préférentielles de réseau (OPR), etla géothermobarométrie conventionelle couplée à la modélisation thermodynamique (PerpleX) afin decontraindre les conditions de pression et température de la déformation. Nous avons montré quel'exhumation précoce du facies à grenat au facies à spinelle était accomodée par une faille transtensiveaffectant le manteau lithosphérique. Dans ce contexte, la zonation tectono-métamorphique et legradient thermique important (ca. 100ºC/km) préservés à Beni Bousera résultent de la juxtapositionmécanique de domaines lithosphériques initialement équilibrés à différentes pressions et températures,fossilisée à une profondeur de ca. 60 km durant l'Oligocène supérieur (ca. 25 Ma). L'exhumation finaledu facies de lherzolite à spinelle au facies à plagioclase et l'emplacement final dans la croûte, mieuxenregistrés dans Ronda, se sont produits par inversion et plissement de la section lithosphériquefortement amincie dans un contexte arrière-arc, probablement lors du retrait vers le sud de lalithosphère subduite et la collision de l'arc avec les paléo-marges maghrébines au Miocène inférieur(21-23 Ma). / The mantle deformation processes that control the thinning and break-up of continentallithosphere remain poorly understood. Our knowledge is restricted to either lithospheric scalethermo-mechanical models —that use experimentally derived flow laws—, geophysicalimaging and/or rare xenoliths from active continental rifts, such as the East African Rift System.The originality of this work relies on the study of the two largest outcrops of diamond faciessubcontinental lithospheric mantle in the world: the Beni Bousera and Ronda peridotite massifsin N Morocco and S Spain, respectively. The structures and petrologic and metamorphic zoningpreserved in these massifs —implying a polybaric and polythermal evolution— provide aunique opportunity to investigate the thermo-mechanical evolution of thick subcontinentallithospheric mantle in extensional settings.In this thesis we studied the deformation mechanisms in both peridotites andpyroxenites to constrain the modes of exhumation of subcontinental lithospheric mantle fromgarnet-, to spinel-, and finally, to plagioclase lherzolite facies conditions. We combined fieldmapping of tectono-metamorphic domains and structural mapping of ductile structures,microstructural analysis, crystal preferred orientations (CPO) measurements and conventionalthermobarometric calculations and thermodynamic modeling (Perple_X) to unravel the pressureand temperature conditions of deformation. We showed that exhumation from garnet- to spinellherzolite facies conditions was accommodated by fast shearing —in thermal disequilibrium—along a lithospheric scale transtensional shear zone. In this context, the petrological zoning andthe large temperature gradient (ca. 100ºC/km) preserved in the Beni Bousera massif representthe mechanical juxtaposition of progressively deeper and hotter lithospheric levels at depths ofca. 60 km in the latest Oligocene (ca. 25 Ma). Final exhumation from spinel- to plagioclasefacies lherzolite and emplacement into the crust is best recorded in the Ronda massif where itoccurred by inversion and lithospheric scale folding of the highly attenuated continentallithosphere in a back-arc region, probably in relation with southward slab rollback andsubsequent collision with the palaeo-Maghrebien passive margin in the early Miocene (21-23Ma).
3

Extreme water catalyzed transformations of SiO2, TiO2 and LiAlSiO4

Spektor, Kristina January 2015 (has links)
The dramatic change in properties of water near its critical point (i.e. T = 374 °C and p = 22.1 MPa, note: 100 MPa = 0.1 GPa = 1 kbar ≈ 1000 atm) has been a subject of numerous studies and also lead to the development of various applications (e.g. in waste destruction, biomass processing, and the synthesis of advanced ceramic materials). However, comparatively little is known about the behavior of water at gigapascal pressures. The present study attempts to explore catalytical properties and reactivity of extreme water with respect to several oxide systems: SiO2, TiO2 and LiAlSiO4. “Extreme water” here is defined as existing at p,T conditions of 0.25–10 GPa and 200–1000 °C, thus considering both supercritical fluid and hot compressed ice. The study shows that extreme water can make high pressure mineral phases accessible at relatively mild T conditions. At the same time, high pressure aqueous environments appear efficient in stabilizing novel metastable structures and may be considered as a general route for synthesizing new materials. The hydrothermal treatment of SiO2 glass at 10 GPa and 300–550 °C yielded an unusual ultrahydrous form of stishovite with up to 3% of structural water. At the same time, the extreme water environment enhanced notably the kinetics of stishovite formation, making it accessible at unprecedentedly low temperatures. Thus, for the SiO2–H2O system water acts as both catalyst and reactant. For TiO2 a hydrothermal high pressure treatment proved to be of high importance for overcoming the kinetical hindrance of the rutile – TiO2-II transformation. 6 GPa and 650 °C were established as the mildest conditions for synthesizing pure TiO2-II phase in less than two hours. The crystallization of LiAlSiO4 glass in an extreme water environment yielded a number of different phases. In the low pressure region (0.25 – 2 GPa) mainly a zeolite (Li-ABW) and a dense anhydrous aluminosilicate (α-eucryptite) were obtained. At pressures above 5 GPa the formation of novel pyroxene-like structures with crystallographic amounts of structural water was observed. The overall conclusion of this study is that extreme water environments show a great potential for catalyzing phase transitions in oxide systems and for stabilizing novel structures via structural water incorporation. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.</p>
4

Modélisation thermodynamique et Spectroscopies IRTF, RMN des pyroxènes : des xénolites à la rhéologie mantellique / Thermodynamic modelling and FTIR/NMR spectroscopic studies of pyroxenes : from xenoliths to mantle rheology

Begaudeau, Karine 14 September 2011 (has links)
Ces dernières décennies, les xénolites de péridotites provenant des kimberlites et des basaltes ont contribué de manière déterminante à la compréhension de l’état physico-chimique du manteau supérieur de la Terre dont dépend la modélisation directe de déformation telle que le rebond post-glaciaire. Une telle approche requiert a priori la détermination des conditions physiques P, T et σ dont témoignent la chimie minérale et la texture de ces roches. Un protocole original d’inversion thermodynamique de données expérimentales pour des pyroxènes en équilibre mutuel, a d’abord été développé dans le but d’obtenir un géothermobaromètre fiable. D’autre part, l’étude menée par spectroscopie IRTF de pyroxènes montre que ces minéraux nominalement anhydres (NAMs) contiennent en fait de l’eau sous forme dissoute, de 38 à 450 ppm pour les cpx, et de 19 à 184 ppm pour les opx.Par son rôle perturbateur du réseau cristallin, cette eau affecte directement les propriétés physico-chimiques du manteau terrestre (viscosité, diagrammes de phase, conductivité électrique). La dissolution de cette eau est correlée à fO2, P et T, et seulement indirectement à la chimie des minéraux. Des analyses 1H, 27Al et 29Si MAS RMN sur ces phases contenant des teneurs non négligeables en fer, ainsi que sur des mélanges kaolinite+magnétite, permettent, entre autres, d’authentifier les signatures spectrales de ces pyroxènes naturels mais aussi de quantifier les espèces Al en termes de sites d’occupation. La complémentarité de ces outils, appliqués ici avec succès, ouvre de nouvelles perspectives de compréhension et modélisation des processus profonds. / Over the last decades, peridotite xenoliths brought up by kimberlites and basalts have largely and critically contributed to the understanding of the physical and chemical state of the Earth’s upper-mantle, a prerequisite for direct modelling of deep deformations such as those at work in post-glacial rebound. Such an approach first requires quantification of the physical conditions (P, T, σ) in control of mineral chemistry and rock textures. An original protocol for thermodynamic inversion of experimental data on mutually-equilibrated pyroxenes, was first developed to obtain a reliable geothermobarometer. Moreover, FTIR spectroscopic studies of pyroxenes show that these nominally anhydrous minerals (NAMs) actually contain dissolved water, from 38 to 450 ppm for cpx’s and from 19 to 184 ppm for opx’s. According to its disruptive action onto the crystalline network, such water directly affects the physical and chemical properties of the Earth’s mantle (viscosity, phase diagrams, electrical conductivity). Dissolution of this water component is correlated to fO2, P and T, but only indirectly to mineral composition. Last, 1H, 27Al and 29Si MAS NMR analyses on the same pyroxenes (as iron-bearing minerals), as well as on kaolinite+magnetite mixes, have authenticated NMR spectra for natural pyroxenes, but have also yielded constraining data on site occupancies, specially for Al. These complementary tools applied here with some success, open new prospects for the understanding and modelling of deep processes.

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