The study area, which will be open to tourism in Kusadasi (Aydin), has steep and high cliffs near the Aegean coast. In the area where some slidings and rockfall problems occurred in the past the geological hazards should be investigated and nature-friendly remedial measures should be taken. The aim of this study is to perform engineering geological studies to:(i) search geological hazards, (ii) reveal the slope stability problems, (iii) recommend nature-friendly solutions in order to prevent/minimize the hazards and (iv)compare the results obtained from 2-D and 3-D rockfall analyses. To accomplish these tasks, the geological survey was performed, the information about the discontinuities was collected by means of scanline surveys, the rock samples were collected, the in-situ and laboratory tests were carried out, the slope stability and rockfall analyses were performed for different slope conditions, remedial measures were offered for the problematical areas considering the data obtained and the results of 2-D and 3-D analysis were compared. Under the light of these studies, rock removal, drainage, greening (vegetation), filling the caverns, wall building and erosion prevention were offered as remedial measures. The comparison of the 2-D and 3-D rockfall analyses shows that the end points and bounce height values are different for each method. The differences between the 2-D and 3-D model originate from the slope geometry, the algorithm used in the software and the different input parameters. According to the field observations, the 2-D model is more realistic than 3-D model.

Black Sea coast line is a hazardous region especially in winter due to the dominant wave action. Therefore, rubble mound breakwaters used as ship shelters are vital structures especially for the fishermen. Construction of the breakwater requires good quality durable armourstones. Due to the nature of the rubble mound breakwaters, armourstones having various sizes and types are used in the construction of these structures. The deterioration of these armourstones with time in the form of abrasion and disintegration may result in the failure of the breakwater. Therefore, it is important to investigate the durability and quality of the armourstones to be used in these structures. In this thesis, the properties of the armourstones taken from five rock quarries and used in the Hisar&ouml / n&uuml / (Bartin), the Tarlaagzi (Bartin) and the Alapli (Zonguldak) rubble mound breakwaters were studied both in field and laboratory in order to assess their qualities and long term durabilities. Based on the in-situ observations and laboratory tests, the Kavakdere, Kavukkavlagi and the Tarlaagzi limestones are good (durable) rocks. However, the &Ccedil / &ouml / mlek&ccedil / ikuyu andesite is found to be generally marginal rock, and the Kiran sandstone is poor rock. CIRIA/CUR, RDId, RERS and Wet-Dry strength ratio classifications are in good agreement with the in-situ observations and the results of the laboratory tests. However RDIs, Average Pore Diameter and Saturation Coefficient classifications do not fully reflect the reality.

Mogan and Eymir Lakes, located 20 km south of Ankara, are important aesthetic, recreational, and ecological resources. DikilitaS and ikizce reservoirs, constructed on upstream surface waters, are two man-made structures in the basin encompassing an area of 985 km2. The purpose of this study is (1) to quantify groundwater components in lakes&rsquo / budgets, (2) to assess the potential impacts of upstream reservoirs on lake levels, and (3) to determine effects of potential climatic change on lakes and groundwater levels in the basin. Available data have been used to develop a conceptual model of the system. The three dimensional groundwater model (MODFLOW) has been developed for the system. The model has been calibrated successfully under transient conditions over a period of six years using monthly periods. The results show that groundwater inflows and outflows have the lowest contribution to the overall lakes&rsquo / budget. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine the limits within which the regional parameters may vary. Three groundwater management scenarios had been developed. The results show that the upstream reservoirs have a significant effect on lake stages but not on groundwater levels. A trade-off curve between the amount of water released and the average stage in Lake Mogan has been developed. The continuation of the existing average conditions shows that there would be declines in groundwater elevations in areas upstream from Lake Mogan and downstream from Lake Eymir. The results also indicated that very small, but long-term changes to precipitation and temperature have the potential to cause significant declines in groundwater and lake levels.

In this thesis study, the use of clay-polymer nanocomposites for their applicability in landfill sites as a product of retardation of waste water infiltration was evaluated. For this purpose, organophilic clays from HDTMA+ organic cation and nanocomposites of montmorillonite were prepared. The bentonite samples B1, B2 and B3 dominantly contain 2:1 layer montmorillonite and 1:1 interstratification of illite/smectite mixed layer as clay minerals. B1 is an unmodified yellow bentonite and B2 is a grey bentonite modified from B1, by the addition of Na2CO3 (Soda Ash). They were obtained from Han&ccedil / ili (Kalecik-Ankara) bentonite deposit which belongs to the Hancili Formation of Early Pliocene age. B3 is a standard Wyoming (SWy-1) white bentonite and belongs to the Newcastle formation of Cretaceous age. Their cation exchange and swelling capacity values were determined and the values increase from B1, B2 to B3. In order to produce clay-polymer nanocomposites, firstly organoclays were produced in bentonite samples. Claypolymer nanocomposite production was achieved by in situ intercalative polymerization successfully with intercalation and partly exfoliation of clay minerals with polyacrylamide (PAM). The samples of sand (S1), sand+bentonite (S2) and sand+nanocomposite (S3) mixtures were prepared and their permeability was determined. As a result of these values, the permeability of samples decrease from S1, S2 to S3. The results imply that the permeability of sample decreases as the claypolymer nanocomposite content increases resulting in a retardation of water penetration throughout the sample. The product has a potential to be used as a retardant for waste water infiltration in landfill sites.

This thesis attempts to detect the ignimbrite units in which the underground cities were carved and the relationship between the joints in these ignimbrites and the walls of underground cities. Orientation of rooms, directions of walls and joints are input data used in the study. Two sites in Cappadocia (Derinkuyu and Kaymakli) are selected to investigate the relationship. Measurements taken from 46 rooms of Derinkuyu and 64 rooms of Kaymakli are analyzed for the room and joint directions, joint locations in the room and joint densities. The density analyses are also performed in the field for Kizilkaya and G&ouml / rdeles ignimbrites. Conclusions derived from the analysis are: 1) Derinkuyu is carved within Kizilkaya and Kaymakli is carved within G&ouml / rdeles ignimbrite, 2) The thickness of Kizilkaya and G&ouml / rdeles ignimbrites observed 13.5 and 34 m, respectively, in the field. The probable thickness of Derinkuyu and Kaymakli underground cities are 40 and 25 m, respectively, 3) The rooms and the joints are oriented arbitrarily, 4) Forming the room walls that are perpendicular to joints were not preferred, 5) The joint densities in Derinkuyu show ascending tendency, while the joint densities in Kaymakli have descending tendency from top to ground floors, 6) The joint density of Kizilkaya in the field is higher than the joint density in Derinkuyu underground city. Similarly, the joint density of G&ouml / rdeles in the field is higher than the density of Kaymakli underground city, 7) The joint density of Kizilkaya ignimbrite is higher than G&ouml / rdeles ignimbrite in both field and underground measurements.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the geological and morphological features around ancient city of Zeugma. To achieve this, a geological map of Zeugma excavation site is prepared / an aerial photographic survey and morphological analyses are conducted on a broader area. Additionally, the biggest ancient quarry in the study area is investigated. In the close vicinity of Zeugma, four lithologies which are, from bottom to top, clayey limestone, thick bedded limestone, chalky limestone and cherty limestone are identified. A major fault with a vertical throw of 80 m is mapped in the area. Geological survey reveals that the excavation site is located within the chalky limestone and the rock tombs are carved within the thick bedded limestone. In the aerial photographic survey, Firat River is classified into 4 morphological classes which are river, island, flood plain and basement. The change among these classes is investigated between 1953 and 1992. The results reveal that there is no considerable variation in the position of the river channel and margins of flood plain within 39 years. The major change is observed in the islands that are built within the flood plain. Testing the elevation of Gaziantep and Firat formations boundary using the relief map, investigating the visibility of selected points in the area, predicting the source area for the water supply, and evaluating the nature of the ancient route, constitute the morphological analysis carried out in this study. However, these analyses are not studied in detail and should be considered as the first attempts for more detailed morphological analyses.

The purpose of this study is to implement a rock fall hazard rating system to the cut slopes along Kizilcahamam-Gerede segment of D750 (Ankara-istanbul) Highway. The rating system developed by the Tennessee Department of Transportation was assessed for thirty six cut slopes which were selected based on a reconnaissance survey along D750 highway, between Kurtbogazi Dam (50 km northwest of Ankara) and AktaS village (15 km to Gerede town of Bolu province). The stages of the investigation consist of project conception, field investigations and application of this system, assessment and presentation of data. The cut slopes were classified by implementing this method which requires a scoring on an exponential scale assigned to various parameters related to the site and roadway geometry and geologic characteristics. The rating process was completed at two stages: Preliminary and Detailed Rating. Based on the Tennessee RHRS, nineteen cutslopes were assessed according to these two stages while the other seventeen cut slopes were able to be classified only with the preliminary rating stage. Different modes of slope failure (planar, wedge, toppling, rock fall with differential weathering, raveling) throughout the selected segments of the highway were investigated and the slope and highway related parameters such as slope height, ditch effectiveness, average vehicle risk, road width, percent desicion site distance and rockfall history were identified for these nineteen cut slopes. After the scoring process was completed all cut slopes were classified based on their hazard ratings from the point of the problems that they may cause in transportation. According to the rules of Tennessee RHRS, a total of thirty five cut slopes were rated. Among these slopes, nineteen of them are rated as A slopes which are considered to be potentially hazardous, while a total of seven are rated as C slopes which pose no danger. In placing a slope into a B category, it is considered that they are not as prone as A slopes to create a danger and a total of nine B slopes are detected. The detailed rating is accomplished for these nineteen A slopes and as a result of the scorings, it has been seen that the final RHRS scores range from 164 to 591. The slopes with scores over 500 can be counted as more hazardous slopes since they get very high scores both from site and roadway geometry and geologic hazard part.

In this dissertation, 3D surface seismic data was integrated with the well logs to be able to define the properties in every location for the reservoir under investigation. To accomplish this task, geostatistical and artificial neural networks (ANN) techniques were employed. First, missing log sets in the study area were estimated using common empirical relationships and ANN. Empirical estimations showed linear dependent results that cannot be generalized. On the other hand, ANNs predicted missing logs with an very high accuracy. Sonic logs were predicted using resistivity logs with 90% correlation coefficient. Second, acoustic impedance property was predicted in the study area. AI estimation first performed using sonic log with GRNN and 88% CC was obtained. AI estimation was repeated using sonic and resistivity logs and the result were improved to 94% CC. In the final part of the study, SGS technique was used with collocated cokriging techniques to estimate NPHI property. Results were varying due to nature of the algorithm. Then, GRNN and RNN algorithms were applied to predict NPHI property. Using optimized GRNN network parameters, NPHI was estimated with high accuracy. Results of the study were showed that ANN provides a powerful solution for reservoir parameter prediction in the study area with its flexibility to find out nonlinear relationships from the existing available data.

The cut slopes at a segment between Km 25+600 and 26+000 of the Antalya-Burdur Breakaway-Korkuteli State Road to be newly constructed have slope instability problems due to the existence of highly jointed limestone. The purpose of this study is to investigate the engineering geological properties of the units exposed at three cut slopes, to assess stability of the cut slopes, and to recommend remedial measures for the problematic sections. In this respect, both field and laboratory studies have been carried out. The limestone exposed at the cut slopes are beige to gray, fine grained, fossiliferous, and highly jointed. It has two joint sets and a bedding plane as main discontinuities. The kinematic analysis indicates that planar failure is expected at Km: 25+900. Limit equilibrium analysis show that the cut slopes with bench have no slope instability problems except rockfalls which endanger the traffic safety. In this thesis it is recommended to covering the cut slope with wire mesh and fibre reinforced shotcrete

Edremit geothermal field with 42-62 &deg / C discharge temperatures is utilized for space heating. Alternation of permeable and impermeable units created two superimposed aquifers in the area: upper unconfined and lower confined. Water samples from 21 (hot, warm, cold) wells were taken in this study. 8 of these wells penetrate the deeper confined, while 13 penetrate the shallower unconfined aquifer. Geochemical analysis revealed Na+K&ndash / SO4 nature for the hot (&gt / 40&deg / C), Ca&ndash / HCO3 nature for the cold (&lt / 30&deg / C) and Ca&ndash / SO4 nature for the warm (30-40&deg / C) waters. &delta / 18O-&delta / D compositions point to a meteoric origin for all waters, while 14C analyses suggest longer subsurface residence times for the hot, compared to the cold/warm waters. Chemical and isotopic compositions indicate that &ldquo / mixing&rdquo / and &ldquo / water-rock interaction&rdquo / are the possible subsurface processes. When silica and cation geothermometers are evaluated together with fluid mineral equilibria calculations, a 110&deg / C reservoir temperature is expected in the field. Saturation indices indicate potential silica scaling for waters at temperatures lower than discharge temperatures. Hydrogeology of the study area is highly affected by faults. The groundwater is percolated (down to 3 km depth) via deep seated step faults, heated at depth and ascends to surface at the low lands, especially through intersection of buried, mid-graben faults. During its ascent towards surface, geothermal water invades the two superimposed aquifers and mixing between hot and cold waters takes place in the aquifers. Resource assessment studies suggest a 3.45x1013 kJ accessible resource base and 9.1 MWt recoverable heat energy for Edremit geothermal field with 90% probability.