Triticeae Dumort. is a tribe within the Pooideae subfamily of Poaceae. Major crop genera found in this tribe include barley (Hordeum), wheat (Triticum) and rye (Secale) all of which are closely related to each other. In Turkey, with the several subgroups, this tribe is represented by 16 genera and 75 species, many of which have great economic values. The main objective of this research work is to determine the taxa of this tribe on the basis of their diagnostic anatomical characters of vegetative organs for the recognision of genera, sections, species, and infraspecific categories. By using both fresh and herbarium specimens, transverse sections of vegetative organs were obtained by using two different sectioning methods. This study covers both qualitative anatomical characters, such as sclerenchyma position, hair density and intercellular cavities of roots, shapes of leaves, presence of midrib, occurrence of leaf hairs, shapes of girders or strands, arrangement of sclerenchyma around vascular bundles and arrangement of epidermal cells, cell wall undulations, appearance of silica bodies, type of bulliform cells, arrangement of culm vascular bundles and their connections to the epidermis, hollowness of culms, as well as quantitative characters, such as sclerenchyma line number of roots, vascular bundle line numbers and diameters of culms, sclerenchyma line number of leaf margins, line numbers and sizes of all types of costal leaf hairs, stomata and interstomatal cell lines. In conclusion, all these properties are useful to understand both systematics and evolutionary relationships of the taxa. Moreover, the leaves of the tribe have the most numerous diagnostic characters. The roots do not have central metaxylem. The metaxylem elements are scattered in the vascular cylinder. The internodular parts of the culms may be hollowed or solid. However, the nodular parts of the culms generally have the same structure. Furthermore, there are two species which can be assigned as a subtribe.

Liquidambar L. genus are represented with four species in the world and one of these species, Turkish sweet gum (Liquidambar orientalis Miller) is naturally found only in southwestern Turkey with limited distribution in Mugla Province. The presence of increasing threats to its genetic resources signifies the importance of studying the phylogenetic relationships and genetic diversity in this relict endemic species. In this study, 18 different populations were sampled throughout the species range and noncoding transfer ribonucleic acid (trn) region of chloroplast DNA was studied to asses the phylogenetic relationships and genetic diversity. Experimental studies included the extraction of DNA, amplification and sequencing of the trn region of the chloroplast DNA. Molecular evolutionary analysis was done by using MEGA version 3.1 and Arlequin 2.000 softwares. Sequences from six other species of Liquidambar (L. styraciflua from USA, L. macrophylla from Mexico, L. formosana from Vietnam, L. acalycina from China, L. formosana from China and L. acalycina from USA) in the database were also included in the analysis. Moleculer diversity results show that population located in Mugla-Yatagan district has the highest number of polymorphic sites among the other populations of Turkish sweet gum. Population located in Marmaris-G&uuml / nn&uuml / cek has an average genetic distance value of 0.0032 within population, being the highest within the studied populations of Turkish sweet gum. The average genetic distance within variety orientalis (0.0011) was the greatest among all the varieties, but the most separated or divergent populations were members of variety integriloba. For both varieties and geographic groups, average diversity within was found to be the greatest portion (greater than 80%) of the total sequence diversity. The geographic groups located in Denizli and Mugla-Yatagan showed the highest average genetic distances within location, with a value of 0.0014. The genetic distance between the closest neighbor of Turkish sweet gum, American L. styraciflua was 0.0002, whereas the genetic distance between the most distant neighbors (Vietnamese L. formosana, Chinese L. acalycina and L. formosana) was 0.0051. Based on the molecular diversity analysis, seven populations were found to be important for conservation issues and two of them located in Marmaris have the highest priority. The most variant geographic groups are located in Denizli and Mugla-Yatagan districts. These populations could be considered as good candidates for future in-situ or ex-situ conservation programs

A revision of the Mediterranean and the Aegean geographic regions of Turkey of Salvia L. (Labiatae) is presented. According to the results, the study area has 60 taxa, 32 of which are endemic (mainly local endemics), 5 of which are non-endemic rare, and the remaining 23 taxa are widely distributed. The rate of endemism is 53% in the area. At the beginning of the thesis, history and worldwide distribution of the family and the genus are briefly given. Phylogenetic studies and infrageneric grouping of the genus are discussed. As well as, recent studies on the genus such as taxonomical, morphological, micromorphological and karyological are provided. Geographic, phytogeographic, topographic, and climatic features of the area are explained. Since 2005, about 2000 specimens have been collected and examined as the research materials. In addition, a large number of specimens have been seen and studied in ANK, AEF, BM, E, ERCIYES, G, GAZI, HUB, K, KNYA, LE, ISTE and ISTF herbaria. Digital photos of some specimens including type specimens have been seen from B, W and A herbaria. In the field when the specimens were detected geographical location (including GPS), habitat, phenological data and relevant field observations were all recorded. In the study, comparative morphological characters and their variations are discussed Anatomical features, such as root, stem, leaf and petiole, micromorphological properties, such as trichome, pollen and nutlet, of the species are comprehensively studied and their taxonomic implications are discussed. According to field studies and literature surveys, endemism, pyhtogeography, habitat, phenology, chorology, new distribution areas and conservation status of the species are determined. Infrageneric delimitation of the species using multivariety analysis is performed. In addition, first sectional key and sectional grouping of the species are made. As well as, identification key of the species is given. At the end of the thesis, expanded and corrected description, address, photographs and some notes on taxonomy of the species are given. The taxonomic studies revealed one new species, Salvia marashica, two new varieties, S. sericeo-tomentosa var. hatayica, S. cadmica var. bozkiriensis, one new combination, S. aucheri subsp. canescens and one new record, S. viscosa. As well as, S. sericeo-tomentosa and S. quezelii are rediscovered.

In this study, current infrageneric taxonomic status of Limonium Mill. in Turkey was assessed by using numerical taxonomy (phenetics) method. Herbarium materials belong to 21 species of Limonium Mill., collected all around Turkey, and were examined. In order to evaluate the infrageneric status, 52 characters based on ecological and morphological features of the genus were determined and recorded to construct a data matrix which was analyzed by MultiVariate Statistical Package (MVSP) and Statistica software with Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) method to construct phenograms. Then, by assesing the phenograms, an overall comparison of Limonium Mill. species were made and infrageneric taxonomic status of the genus was discussed. The result of this study indicated that 5 sections of the genus are represented in phenograms which was a compatible result with theoretical information written in 7th Volume of &ldquo / Flora of Turkey&rdquo / . Moreover, in UPGMA trees, a new section (belonging Section Limonium) is observed. Section nova species live only near seashore and distinctively separated from other Section Limonium species in phenograms and Principle Component Analysis (PCA). PCA was carried out to indicate most important characters used in this study. In addition, in this study, a dichotomous key comprising all the species of Limonium Mill. in Turkey was also presented. In appendix part, brief information about each species such as distribution, habitat, conservation status, habit, endemism ratio, flowering period, IUCN categories was given to review all Limonium Mill. species in Turkey.

In this revisional study based on the the genus Vicia in Central Anatolia large quantities of data have been compilled from specimens representing the group of the taxa being studied. These data were then synthesized to make taxon descriptions, keys, geographical distributions and ecological preferences. Since 2009, about 700 specimens have been collected from Central Anatolia and examined as the research materials. In addition, a large number of specimens have also been studied in the following herbaria ANK, GAZI, MUG, HUB and E. According to the Flora of Turkey (Davis 1985), there were 16 species found in Central Anatolia. But this study has shown that genus Vicia covers 22 species (V. noeana, V. anatolica, V. pannonica, V. hybrida, V. sericocarpa, V. narbonensis, V. galilaea, V. ervilia, V. caesarea, V. cracca, V. villosa, V. monantha, V. canescens, V. cappadocica, V. articulata, V. cassubica, V.peregrina, V. truncatula, V. grandiflora, V. lathyroides, V. cuspidata, V sativa) in this region. v Some morphological characters were used to understand whether they have a diagnostic value or not. These characters, which include habit, leaf, stem, inflorescence, calyx, corolla and style properties, were compared at infrageneric level and species level. Systematic value of pollen micromorphology, trichome micromorphology and petal epidermal micromorphology of Vicia in Central Anatolia were observed. Pollen grains equatorial view, polar view and exine ornamentations, trichome types of calyces and leaves can be useful for separating the species in sectional level. Geographical and ecological distributions maps were updated. In addition to this, the conservation status of the genus Vicia in Cental Anatolia was reassessed at regional level. The threat categories include 2 taxa DD, 1 taxon CR, 7 taxa EN, 1 taxon VU, 1 taxon NT and 14 taxa LC. The main threat categories for this genus are identified as overgrazing, constructions, land clearing and urbanizations. The infrageneric delimitations were performed by the use of multivariate analysis. Identification keys for sections and species were also given. Synonym, species updated descriptions, phenology, habitat, distribution in Central Anatolia, distribution in Turkey and general distribution, phytogeograpy, endemism, specimen citations photographs of species and distribution maps were also indicated.

In this study, morphology, anatomy and systematics of the Genus Lathyrus L. (Leguminosae) in Central Anatolia is presented. Comparative morphological characters and their variation in the Genus / Calyx, leaf, corolla and pollen grains micro-morphology of the species / Anatomy of the species / Ecology, endemism, phytogeography and IUCN threat categories of the species / Numerical analysis and Revision of the genus in Central Anatolia were conducted. For the first time the calyx, corolla and leaf micromorphology, and the anatomical characteristics of Lathyrus were examined. Infrageneric delimitation of the species is performed by using multivariate analysis. As a result of morphological and anatomical data, it is suggested that L. haussknechtii should be classified as different species not variety of L. brachypterus. v The collected specimens was crosschecked with neighboring floras and the existing type specimens known from Turkey ANK, GAZI, HUB, KNYA, CUFH, Erciyes, and Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (RBGE) herbaria. Morphological and micromorphological characters of pollen grains were revealed. It was determined that the pollen grains size and sculpturing were important diagnostic characters for the species. The statistical analysis was applied to compare P/E ratios of the pollen grains of studied taxa. According to this analysis, the P/E ratio is important diagnostic feature for most of the sections and the species. Sectional key and species key were prepared and updated. Expanded descriptions, GPS data, some photographs and some notes on the taxonomy of the species were given.