A semente de milho, base da alimentação em muitos países na África, Ásia e América Latina, possui ~10% de proteína na semente. Por ser um cereal a proteína da semente de milho apresenta uma baixa concentração de aminoácidos essenciais como: lisina e triptofano. Com a descoberta do milho opaco-2, o qual apresenta um maior teor de lisina e triptofano em suas sementes, surgiu a oportunidade de se desenvolver milhos com qualidade protéica, aumentando o conteúdo de aminoácidos e a qualidade nutricional dos grãos. Assim, surgiu o milho QPM (quality protein maize), milho de alta qualidade protéica, melhorado pelo CIMMYT (México). O QPM possui duas vezes mais lisina que o milho normal mantendo a sua produtividade equivalente. A EMBRAPA, Milho e Sorgo, desenvolveu duas variedades QPM comercializadas: BR451 e BR473. A linhagem QPM 161 (EMBRAPA Milho e Sorgo) teve suas proteínas de reserva analisadas bioquimicamente neste trabalho, concluindo que o QPM 161, possui uma concentração maior de lisina em suas sementes, chegando a superar o BR 451 e a manter a mesma concentração de lisina que o BR 473. Em outra parte do trabalho, sementes imaturas (14, 20 e 14 DAP) das linhagens 161, assim como as do selvagem W22+ e de seus mutantes W22o10, W22o11 e W22o13, foram utilizadas para caracterizar a enzima homoserina quinase (HK). A HK faz parte da via de biossíntese do aminoácido essencial treonina. Constatou-se que uma alta atividade desta enzima está relacionada ao aumento de treonina na semente, porém, a alta atividade de HK foi observada nos menores estágios de maturação. Assim os resultados mostram que mais estudos sobre a regulação desta enzima devem ser realizados para que se possam desenvolver sementes ricas em lisina e também em treonina. / Maize which is the staple food in many countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America, has ~10% of protein in the seeds. Maize seeds protein presents low contents of essential amino acids, such as lysine and tryptophan. Since the discovery of the opaque-2 maize, a recessive mutation that results in high concentrations of lysine and tryptophan, the major challenge has been to develop better quality protein maize to increase the rate of amino acids consumed by population. The QPM (quality protein maize), originally produced and breeded at CIMMYT in Mexico, came to solve the issue. The QPM protein has twice as much lysine and tryptophan, with the same yield of normal maize. The EMBRAPA, Maize and Sorghum, has bred two QPM varieties that are already commercialized (BR 451 and BR 473), but to increase the quality of the Brazilian QPM, EMBRAPA developed a new QPM line, the 161, whose storage proteins were biochemically analyzed in this study. Line 161 exhibited a higher lysine concentration than BR 451, but about the same concentration of that exhibited by BR 473. Further analyses conducted in this research involved the study of immature seeds (14, 20 and 24 DAP) of line 161, and the wild-type W22+ and its counterpart mutants W22o10, W22o11 and W22o13, and the characterization of the enzyme homoserine kinase (HK). HK is a key enzyme of the threonine biosynthetic pathway. The high HK activity was shown to be related to the increased threonine concentration in the maize seeds. HK activity was shown to reach the highest level in the first developmental stage, whereas in the last developmental stage the activity is lower and so is the rate of threonine. Therefore, it is necessary more studies on HK regulation to improve the mature maize seeds with the best rate of lysine and threonine.

Quality protein maize (QPM), high protein corn (HPC) and food grade maize (FGM) were processed into tortillas and direct expanded extruded snacks. QPM had similar test weight, density and kernel size with 45% more lysine and 38% more tryptophan compared to FGM. HPC had the largest kernel with density and test weight similar to FGM. During alkaline cooking, HPC absorbed water faster than QPM and FGM. White QPM required shorter cooking time and had less dry matter losses compared to FGM. All corn varieties had excellent pericarp removal at the optimum cooking time. Tortillas from QPM had better pliability and rollability after storage compared to FGM and HPC. HPC tortillas had lower rupture force after storage. The use of QPM for tortilla production may reduce energy and sewage cost, and could produce a tortilla with longer shelf stability with improved nutritional value. Decorticated and non-decorticated QPM, FGM and HPC grain were processed into corn meal and direct expanded snacks. A modified short scale dry milling system was used to produce the corn meal. QPM produced more coarse meal with greater fat content compared to FGM. Decortication decreased fiber content and coarse meal yield. Non-decorticated meal had greater protein, fiber and fat content compared to decorticated meal. The modified short flow milling system provides reduced lost fractions for extrusion into nutritionally improved products. Extrusion was performed in a low cost friction extruder. QPM extruded faster than FGM and HPC. FGM required greater specific mechanical energy than QPM. Extrudates from FGM were the most expanded followed by QPM and HPC. Extrudates from the three corn varieties were acceptable to the panelists and decortication did not affect acceptability. The improved nutritional value of QPM, was retained during dry milling and extrusion. Current QPM varieties can be processed into tortillas with longer shelf stability and meal for extrusion into a wide variety of snacks and other foods. These may have application in specialty health foods and in developing countries where maize is a staple food.

Quality protein maize (QPM), high protein corn (HPC) and food grade maize (FGM) were processed into tortillas and direct expanded extruded snacks. QPM had similar test weight, density and kernel size with 45% more lysine and 38% more tryptophan compared to FGM. HPC had the largest kernel with density and test weight similar to FGM. During alkaline cooking, HPC absorbed water faster than QPM and FGM. White QPM required shorter cooking time and had less dry matter losses compared to FGM. All corn varieties had excellent pericarp removal at the optimum cooking time. Tortillas from QPM had better pliability and rollability after storage compared to FGM and HPC. HPC tortillas had lower rupture force after storage. The use of QPM for tortilla production may reduce energy and sewage cost, and could produce a tortilla with longer shelf stability with improved nutritional value. Decorticated and non-decorticated QPM, FGM and HPC grain were processed into corn meal and direct expanded snacks. A modified short scale dry milling system was used to produce the corn meal. QPM produced more coarse meal with greater fat content compared to FGM. Decortication decreased fiber content and coarse meal yield. Non-decorticated meal had greater protein, fiber and fat content compared to decorticated meal. The modified short flow milling system provides reduced lost fractions for extrusion into nutritionally improved products. Extrusion was performed in a low cost friction extruder. QPM extruded faster than FGM and HPC. FGM required greater specific mechanical energy than QPM. Extrudates from FGM were the most expanded followed by QPM and HPC. Extrudates from the three corn varieties were acceptable to the panelists and decortication did not affect acceptability. The improved nutritional value of QPM, was retained during dry milling and extrusion. Current QPM varieties can be processed into tortillas with longer shelf stability and meal for extrusion into a wide variety of snacks and other foods. These may have application in specialty health foods and in developing countries where maize is a staple food.

A semente de milho, base da alimentação em muitos países na África, Ásia e América Latina, possui ~10% de proteína na semente. Por ser um cereal a proteína da semente de milho apresenta uma baixa concentração de aminoácidos essenciais como: lisina e triptofano. Com a descoberta do milho opaco-2, o qual apresenta um maior teor de lisina e triptofano em suas sementes, surgiu a oportunidade de se desenvolver milhos com qualidade protéica, aumentando o conteúdo de aminoácidos e a qualidade nutricional dos grãos. Assim, surgiu o milho QPM (quality protein maize), milho de alta qualidade protéica, melhorado pelo CIMMYT (México). O QPM possui duas vezes mais lisina que o milho normal mantendo a sua produtividade equivalente. A EMBRAPA, Milho e Sorgo, desenvolveu duas variedades QPM comercializadas: BR451 e BR473. A linhagem QPM 161 (EMBRAPA Milho e Sorgo) teve suas proteínas de reserva analisadas bioquimicamente neste trabalho, concluindo que o QPM 161, possui uma concentração maior de lisina em suas sementes, chegando a superar o BR 451 e a manter a mesma concentração de lisina que o BR 473. Em outra parte do trabalho, sementes imaturas (14, 20 e 14 DAP) das linhagens 161, assim como as do selvagem W22+ e de seus mutantes W22o10, W22o11 e W22o13, foram utilizadas para caracterizar a enzima homoserina quinase (HK). A HK faz parte da via de biossíntese do aminoácido essencial treonina. Constatou-se que uma alta atividade desta enzima está relacionada ao aumento de treonina na semente, porém, a alta atividade de HK foi observada nos menores estágios de maturação. Assim os resultados mostram que mais estudos sobre a regulação desta enzima devem ser realizados para que se possam desenvolver sementes ricas em lisina e também em treonina. / Maize which is the staple food in many countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America, has ~10% of protein in the seeds. Maize seeds protein presents low contents of essential amino acids, such as lysine and tryptophan. Since the discovery of the opaque-2 maize, a recessive mutation that results in high concentrations of lysine and tryptophan, the major challenge has been to develop better quality protein maize to increase the rate of amino acids consumed by population. The QPM (quality protein maize), originally produced and breeded at CIMMYT in Mexico, came to solve the issue. The QPM protein has twice as much lysine and tryptophan, with the same yield of normal maize. The EMBRAPA, Maize and Sorghum, has bred two QPM varieties that are already commercialized (BR 451 and BR 473), but to increase the quality of the Brazilian QPM, EMBRAPA developed a new QPM line, the 161, whose storage proteins were biochemically analyzed in this study. Line 161 exhibited a higher lysine concentration than BR 451, but about the same concentration of that exhibited by BR 473. Further analyses conducted in this research involved the study of immature seeds (14, 20 and 24 DAP) of line 161, and the wild-type W22+ and its counterpart mutants W22o10, W22o11 and W22o13, and the characterization of the enzyme homoserine kinase (HK). HK is a key enzyme of the threonine biosynthetic pathway. The high HK activity was shown to be related to the increased threonine concentration in the maize seeds. HK activity was shown to reach the highest level in the first developmental stage, whereas in the last developmental stage the activity is lower and so is the rate of threonine. Therefore, it is necessary more studies on HK regulation to improve the mature maize seeds with the best rate of lysine and threonine.