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Cenozoic Environmental Changes in the Northern Qaidam Basin Inferred From N-Alkane RecordsLiu, Zhonghui, Zhang, Kexin, Sun, Yuanyuan, Liu, Weiguo, Liu, Yusheng, Quan, Cheng 01 October 2014 (has links)
Geological Society of China Cenozoic climatic and environmental changes in the arid Asian interior, and their possible relations with global climatic changes and the Tibetan Plateau uplift, have been intensively investigated and debated over past decades. Here we present 40-Myr (million years)-long n-alkane records from a continuous Cenozoic sediment sequence in the Dahonggou Section, Qaidam Basin, northern Tibetan Plateau, to infer environmental changes in the northern basin. A set of n-alkane indexes, including ACL, CPI and Paq, vary substantially and consistently throughout the records, which are interpreted to reflect relative contributions from terrestrial vascular plants vs. aquatic macrophytes, and thus indicate depositional environments. ACL values vary between 21 and 30; CPI values range from 1.0 to 8.0; and Paq values change from <0.1 to 0.8 over the past 40-Myr. We have roughly identified two periods, at 25.8–21.0 Ma (million years ago) and 13.0–17.5 Ma, with higher ACL and CPI and lower Paq values indicating predominant lacustrine environments. Lower ACL and CPI values, together with higher Paq values, occurred at >25.8 Ma, 17.5–21.0 Ma, and <13.0 Ma, corresponding to alluvial fan/river deltaic deposits and shallow lacustrine settings, consistent with the observed features in sedimentological facies. The inferred Cenozoic environmental changes in the northern Qaidam Basin appear to correspond to global climatic changes.
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Source to sine relations between the Qaidam basin (Tibet) and the surrounding mountains / Relations érosion : sédimentation entre le bassin du Qaidam (Tibet) et les chaines associéesCheng, Feng 25 May 2016 (has links)
Le basin du Qaidam, situé sur la bordure nord du Plateau Tibétain est unique au monde en ce qu’il représente le bassin intracontinental le plus profond bien que situé sur le plus haut plateau et la plus épaisse croute continentale actuels. Comprendre le développement et l’évolution de ce bassin en lien avec la collision Inde-Asie a des implications multiples pour la géologie du Tibet en particulier et la tectonique continentale en général. De nombreuses études incluant de la thermochronologie, de la paléobotanique, du paléomagnétisme, de la paléoaltimétrie, de la sédimentologie et de la géologie structurale se sont intéressées à l’histoire tectonique et topographique de cette région. Toutefois la topographie initiale de la région actuellement représentée par le Plateau Tibétain ainsi que les premiers stades de développement du plateau restent méconnus et très débattus. Les travaux présentés ici sont basés sur des données de terrain, de sismique 2D et 3D, de géochimie, de géochronologie détritique, de sédimentologie et d’analyse d’images satellitaires. Ils décrivent: 1) l’évolution cénozoïque conjointe du bassin du Qaidam et de la chaine des Eastern Kunlun ; 2) les relations entre la sédimentation dans le bassin du Qaidam et la tectonique le long de la faille de l’Altyn Tagh ; 3) une estimation quantitative de l’extrusion latérale du nord Tibet les long du système Altyn Tagh – Qilian Shan ; 4) la nature et la typologie du bassin du Qaidam. Je démontre que la chaîne du Kunlun formait un relief en érosion au Paléocène et que la zone de dépôt du bassin du Qaidam s’est élargie vers le sud jusqu’à l’Oligocène. Dès le Miocène inférieur le SO du bassin du Qaidam était limité par un système tectonique décrochant. L’accroissement du relief dans les chaines du Kunlun et de l’Altyn Tagh entraine alors un isolement puis un rétrécissement du bassin. Je suggère que la faille de l’Altyn Tagh qui forme la bordure nord du Plateau, a accommodé environs 360 km de déplacement depuis sont initiation au Miocène inférieur. Cette déformation est prise en compte par du décrochement et de l’épaississement dans les Qilian Shan, de l’épaississement crustal dans les Qinling et de l’extension dans le système de grabens de Chine du Nord. Enfin, je conclu que le bassin du Qaidam est contrôlé conjointement par les failles décrochantes de l’Altyn Tagh et du Kunlun Est. La superposition dans le temps et l’espace des effets de ces deux décrochements majeurs durant le Cénozoïque a contrôlé l’évolution du bassin et la répartition des réserves d’huile et de gaz. / The Qaidam basin, located within the northern Tibetan plateau, is the deepest intracontinental basin, yet located in the highest plateau with the thickest continental crust. Understanding how this peculiar basin developed has broad implications for the Tibetan geology in particular and for continental tectonics in general. Many approaches have been used to decipher the tectonic and topographic history of that region, however, the initial topography of the area now represented by the northern Tibetan plateau, as well as the early stages of development of the present day topography remain poorly constrained and highly debated. In order to better understand the Cenozoic evolution of the Qaidam basin and its surrounding regions (including Eastern Kunlun Range to the south, Altyn Tagh Range to the northwest, and Qilian Shan to the northeast), four critical issues are addressed in this thesis: 1) the Cenozoic joint tectonic evolution of the Qaidam basin and the Eastern Kunlun Range; 2) the interplay between the sedimentation within the Qaidam basin and the active tectonics within the Altyn Tagh Range; 3) a quantitative estimate of the lateral extrusion along the Altyn Tagh Fault-Qilian Shan tectonic system; 4) the nature and classification of the Qaidam basin. I suggest that the SW Qaidam basin has been bordered by a series of strike-slip faults to the south since the Early Miocene, rather than, as previously suggested by a continuous northward or southward thrusting system. Based on U-Pb dating (LA-ICP-MS) of detrital zircons collected from 4 sections (Paleocene to Holocene) within the southwestern Qaidam basin combined with provenance analysis and new seismic profile interpretation, I demonstrated that the Eastern Kunlun Range was already exhumed prior to the Paleocene. I show that the Qaidam basin was widening southward during thet early Cenozoic period (Paleocene to Oligocene). From Oligocene the relief of the Eastern Kunlun and Altyn Tagh ranges increased, leading to isolation and narrowing of the Qaidam basin from Miocene to the present. Along the northern edge of the basin, I identified the Tula-Huatugou and Anxi-Eboliang regions as residual parts of the original Qaidam basin. I suggest that the Altyn Tagh Fault has experienced a total of ~360 km of displacement since its Early Eocene initiation. Based on this ~360 km northeastward migration of the relatively rigid Qaidam block along the Altyn Tagh Fault and 3D isovolumetric balance of the crustal deformation within the Altyn Tagh Fault – Qilian Shan system, I demonstrate that 250 ± 28 km (43.8~49.4 %) of N20E directed crustal shortening and an additional ~250 to ~370 km of eastward motion of the Qilian Shan crust must be accounted for by strike-slip faulting in the Qilian Shan and crustal thickening in the Qinling area, as well as extension in the adjoining North China block graben systems.
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