In a prospective randomised double-blind study eighty patients with MRI verified lumbar disc herniation and corresponding clinical findings underwent microscopic disc removal. The patients were peroperatively given systemic and local corticosteroids or placebo, and followed for 2 years. The hospital stay and time to return to full-time work was significantly shorter in the treatment group. Pain measured as worst pain during the last week was also lower in the corticosteroid group. The results indicate that peroperative treatment with corticosteroids reduces pain and improves the functional outcome in patients operated for lumbar disc herniations. To evaluate whether thermal quantitative sensory testing (QST) is applicable in the study of sensory dysfunction in lumbar disc herniations 66 patients with disc herniations underwent thermal QST. We found that thermal QST reflects sensory dysfunction in patients with lumbar disc herniations. However, thermal QST seems to have a poor predictive value for identifying the anatomic location of a herniated lumbar disc. Quantitative sensory testing (QST) was used to detect damage to the myelinated A-delta fibres (cold sense) and the unmyelinated C-fibres (warmth sense). Corticosteroids combined with surgery in lumbar disc surgery improved the normalisation for the warmth disturbance compared to the control group. A prospective analysis was performed on the predictive value of preoperatively determined lumbar lordosis and flexion for pain and disability in patients treated by microscopic lumbar disc surgery. Preoperative hyperlordosis correlated to more pain postoperatively (p=0.004). In patients with hypoflexion there was an association between hyperlordosis and moderate or severe pain postoperatively (p<0.001). The same outcomes were found for DRI. The stiff and straight back indicates a good outcome of lumbar disc surgery concerning pain and disability.

The distribution of the expressed genotype is moved around in the population over time byevolution. Natural selection is one of the forces that act on the phenotype to change the patterns ofnucleotide variation underlying those distributions. How the phenotype changes over aheterogeneous environment describes the type of evolutionary force acting on this trait and thisshould be reflected in the variation at loci underlying this trait. While the variation in phenotypesand at the nucleotide level in a population indicates the same evolutionary force, it does notnecessarily mean that they are connected. In natural populations the continuous shifting of geneticmaterial through recombination events break down possible associations between loci facilitates theexamination of possible causal loci to single base pair differences in DNA-sequences. Connecting thegenotype and the phenotype thus provides an important step in the understanding the geneticarchitecture of complex traits and the forces that shape the observed patterns.This thesis examines the European aspen, Populus tremula, sampled from subpopulations overan extensive latitudinal gradient covering most of Sweden. Results show a clear geneticdifferentiation in the timing of bud set, a measure of the autumnal cessation of growth, betweendifferent parts of Sweden pointing at local adaptation. In the search for candidate genes thatunderlie the local adaptation found, most genes (25) in the photoperiodic gene network wereexamined for signals of selection. Genes in the photoperiodic network show an increase in theheterogeneity of differentiation between sampled subpopulations in Sweden. Almost half (12) of theexamined genes are under some form of selection. Eight of these genes show positive directionalselection on protein evolution and the gene that code for a photoreceptor, responsible for mediatingchanging light conditions to downstream targets in the network, has the hallmarks of a selectivesweep. The negative correlation between positive directional selection and synonymous diversityindicates that the majority of the photoperiod gene network has undergone recurrent selectivesweeps. A phenomenon that likely has occurred when P. tremula has readapted to the northern lightregimes during population expansion following retracting ice between periods of glaciations. Two ofthe genes under selection also have single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) that associate with budset, two in the PHYB2 gene and one in the LHY2 gene. Furthermore, there is an additional SNP inLHY1 that explain part of the variation in timing of bud set, despite the lack of a signal of selection atthe LHY1 gene. Together these SNPs explain 10-15% of the variation in the timing of bud set and 20-30% more if accounting for the positive co-variances between SNPs. There is thus rather extensiveevidence that genes in the photoperiod gene network control the timing of bud set, and reflect localadaptation in this trait.

Introdução: Embora a completa fisiopatologia da SDM permaneça desconhecida, evidências sugerem que na dor crônica os sistemas inibitórios são deficitários, como demonstrado pelo enfraquecimento da inibição intracortical do córtex motor. No entanto, a desinibição intracortical pode ser parcialmente revertida pelo tratamento com técnicas de estimulação cerebral não invasiva, tais como a estimulação magnética transcraniana repetitiva (EMTr). Embora estudos com EMTr tenham mostrado resultados promissores, poucos têm avaliado simultaneamente seus efeitos em medidas comportamentais, bioquímicas e neurofisiológicas. Assim, neste estudo avaliamos o efeito da EMTr na dor e, considerando a sua ação na função dos sistemas inibitórios corticais e intra-corticais, também investigamos parâmetros de excitabilidade cortical e níveis do mediador de neuroplasticidade BDNF, após tratamento com EMTr ou intervenção sham, em indivíduos com SDM crônica. Objetivos: Comparar o efeito de 10 sessões de EMTr ao da intervenção sham na função das vias nociceptivas cortical e subcortical (limiares de excitabilidade cortical e limiares termoalgésicos periféricos), na capacidade funcional, na qualidade do sono, nos níveis de dor, no sistema modulatório descendente de dor e nos níveis séricos de BDNF, em indivíduos com dor crônica miofascial do complexo craniocervicomaxilar. Assim, a hipótese deste estudo é que 10 sessões de EMTr, quando comparada com intervenção sham está associada com melhora nos níveis de dor, em indivíduos com dor crônica miofascial do complexo craniocervicomaxilar. Métodos: Vinte e quatro participantes do sexo feminino, com idades entre 19-65 anos, diagnosticadas com SDM do complexo craniocervicomaxilar por pelo menos 3 meses anteriores ao recrutamento e que evidenciaram componente neuropático (escore igual ou maior a quarto no DN4 – questionário para diagnóstico de dor neuropática), foram randomizadas para receber dez sessões de estimulação magnética transcraniana repetitiva (EMTr) (n = 12) de 10 Hz ou intervenção sham (n = 12). O estudo avaliou se a dor [limiares termoalgésicos (QST)], o sistema inibitório descendente [modulação condicionada da dor (QST + CPM)], a excitabilidade cortical (parâmetros da EMT) e o BDNF foram alterados após a intervenção. Resultados: Houve interação significativa (tempo versus grupo) em relação aos escores de dor, evidenciados pela escala análoga visual analógica de dor (EVA) (análise de variância, P<0,01). Análise post hoc mostrou que, em comparação com intervenção sham, o tratamento com EMTr reduziu em 30,21% os escores diários de dor (95% intervalo de confiança [IC] de -39,23 - -21,20) e em 44,56% o uso de analgésicos (-57,46 - -31,67). Comparado com o sham, o grupo que recebeu EMTr ativa aprimorou o sistema corticoespinal inibitório (redução de 41,74% no QST+CPM, P<0,05), reduziu em 23,94% a facilitação intracortical (P=0,03), aumentou em 52,02% o potencial evocado motor (P=0,02) e apresentou aumento de 12,38 ng/ml no nível sérico de BDNF (IC 95%=2,32-22,38). O grupo que recebeu EMTr demonstrou aumento na média dos escores B-PCP:S (P<0.03), redução de 45% no número de doses analgésicas diárias (P<0.003) e melhora na qualidade do sono (P<0.01). Nenhum efeito adverso foi observado. Conclusões: O tratamento com 10 sessões de EMTr de alta frequência (10 Hz) foi associado com significativa melhora na SDM crônica. EMTr reduziu os escores de dor, diminuiu o uso de analgésicos e melhorou a qualidade do sono. Os resultados do estudo também sugerem que os efeitos analgésicos da EMTr na SDM crônica foram mediados por mecanismos top-down regulation, que aumentaram a atividade do sistema corticoespinal inibitório, bem como a secreção de BDNF. / Introduction: Although the complete pathophysiology of MPS remains unknown, cumulative evidences suggest that in chronic pain the inhibitory systems are defective, as indexed by the weakening motor cortex intracortical disinhibition. The intracortical disinhibition can be partially reverted by treatment with noninvasive brain stimulation techniques such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Although rTMS studies have shown promising results, few ones have assessed simultaneously its effect on behavioral, biochemical and neurophysiological measures. Thus, this study assessed the effect of rTMS on pain and, considering its action on the function of the inhibitory cortical and intracortical systems, this trial also evaluated cortical excitability parameters and levels of a neuroplasticity mediator BDNF, after rTMS treatment or a sham intervention in patients with chronic MPS. Objectives: To compare the effect of 10 sessions of rTMS with sham intervention effects in the cortical and subcortical nociceptive pathways (cortical excitability parameters and peripheral thermoalgesic thresholds), in the functional capacity, quality of sleep, pain levels, descending pain modulatory system and in BDNF serum levels in patients with chronic myofascial pain of jaw-cranial-cervical complex. Thus, the hypothesis of this study is that 10 sessions of rTMS, when compared with sham intervention result in improvement in pain levels in subjects with chronic myofascial pain of jaw-cranial-cervical complex. Methods: Twenty-four female aged 19-65 diagnosed with MPS of jaw-cranial-cervical complex for at least three months prior to recruitment and with neuropathic pain component (score equal or higher than four in the DN4 - neuropathic pain diagnostic questionnaire) were randomized to receive ten sessions of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) (n = 12) at 10 Hz or a sham intervention (n = 12). The study tested if pain [quantitative sensory testing (QST)], the descending inhibitory systems [conditioned pain modulation (QST+CPM)], the cortical excitability (TMS parameters) and the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) have changed after intervention. Results: There was a significant interaction (time vs. group) regarding the main outcomes of the pain scores as indexed by the visual analogue scale on pain (analysis of variance, P<0.01). Post hoc analysis showed that compared with sham intervention, the treatment decreased daily pain scores by 30.21% (95% confidence interval [CI] -39.23 - -21.20) and analgesic use by 44.56 (-57.46 - -31.67). Compared to sham intervention group, the rTMS group enhanced the corticospinal inhibitory system (41.74% reduction in QST+CPM, P<0.05), decreased by 23.94% the intracortical facilitation (P=0.03), and showed an increase of 52.02% the motor evoked potential (P=0.02) and presented 12.38 ng/mL higher serum BDNF (95%CI=2.32 - 22.38). rTMS group showed an increase in mean scores B-PCP: S (P <0.03), 45% reduction in the number of daily analgesic doses (P <0.003) and significantly better sleep quality (P <0.01). No adverse event was observed. Conclusions: The treatment with 10 sessions of high-frequency rTMS (10 Hz) was associated with significant improvement in chronic MPS. rTMS reduced pain scores, lowered analgesic use and improved sleep quality. The results also suggested that the rTMS analgesic effects in chronic MPS were mediated by top-down regulation mechanisms enhancing the activity of the corticospinal inhibitory system and that this effect involved an increase in BDNF secretion.

Introdução: Embora a completa fisiopatologia da SDM permaneça desconhecida, evidências sugerem que na dor crônica os sistemas inibitórios são deficitários, como demonstrado pelo enfraquecimento da inibição intracortical do córtex motor. No entanto, a desinibição intracortical pode ser parcialmente revertida pelo tratamento com técnicas de estimulação cerebral não invasiva, tais como a estimulação magnética transcraniana repetitiva (EMTr). Embora estudos com EMTr tenham mostrado resultados promissores, poucos têm avaliado simultaneamente seus efeitos em medidas comportamentais, bioquímicas e neurofisiológicas. Assim, neste estudo avaliamos o efeito da EMTr na dor e, considerando a sua ação na função dos sistemas inibitórios corticais e intra-corticais, também investigamos parâmetros de excitabilidade cortical e níveis do mediador de neuroplasticidade BDNF, após tratamento com EMTr ou intervenção sham, em indivíduos com SDM crônica. Objetivos: Comparar o efeito de 10 sessões de EMTr ao da intervenção sham na função das vias nociceptivas cortical e subcortical (limiares de excitabilidade cortical e limiares termoalgésicos periféricos), na capacidade funcional, na qualidade do sono, nos níveis de dor, no sistema modulatório descendente de dor e nos níveis séricos de BDNF, em indivíduos com dor crônica miofascial do complexo craniocervicomaxilar. Assim, a hipótese deste estudo é que 10 sessões de EMTr, quando comparada com intervenção sham está associada com melhora nos níveis de dor, em indivíduos com dor crônica miofascial do complexo craniocervicomaxilar. Métodos: Vinte e quatro participantes do sexo feminino, com idades entre 19-65 anos, diagnosticadas com SDM do complexo craniocervicomaxilar por pelo menos 3 meses anteriores ao recrutamento e que evidenciaram componente neuropático (escore igual ou maior a quarto no DN4 – questionário para diagnóstico de dor neuropática), foram randomizadas para receber dez sessões de estimulação magnética transcraniana repetitiva (EMTr) (n = 12) de 10 Hz ou intervenção sham (n = 12). O estudo avaliou se a dor [limiares termoalgésicos (QST)], o sistema inibitório descendente [modulação condicionada da dor (QST + CPM)], a excitabilidade cortical (parâmetros da EMT) e o BDNF foram alterados após a intervenção. Resultados: Houve interação significativa (tempo versus grupo) em relação aos escores de dor, evidenciados pela escala análoga visual analógica de dor (EVA) (análise de variância, P<0,01). Análise post hoc mostrou que, em comparação com intervenção sham, o tratamento com EMTr reduziu em 30,21% os escores diários de dor (95% intervalo de confiança [IC] de -39,23 - -21,20) e em 44,56% o uso de analgésicos (-57,46 - -31,67). Comparado com o sham, o grupo que recebeu EMTr ativa aprimorou o sistema corticoespinal inibitório (redução de 41,74% no QST+CPM, P<0,05), reduziu em 23,94% a facilitação intracortical (P=0,03), aumentou em 52,02% o potencial evocado motor (P=0,02) e apresentou aumento de 12,38 ng/ml no nível sérico de BDNF (IC 95%=2,32-22,38). O grupo que recebeu EMTr demonstrou aumento na média dos escores B-PCP:S (P<0.03), redução de 45% no número de doses analgésicas diárias (P<0.003) e melhora na qualidade do sono (P<0.01). Nenhum efeito adverso foi observado. Conclusões: O tratamento com 10 sessões de EMTr de alta frequência (10 Hz) foi associado com significativa melhora na SDM crônica. EMTr reduziu os escores de dor, diminuiu o uso de analgésicos e melhorou a qualidade do sono. Os resultados do estudo também sugerem que os efeitos analgésicos da EMTr na SDM crônica foram mediados por mecanismos top-down regulation, que aumentaram a atividade do sistema corticoespinal inibitório, bem como a secreção de BDNF. / Introduction: Although the complete pathophysiology of MPS remains unknown, cumulative evidences suggest that in chronic pain the inhibitory systems are defective, as indexed by the weakening motor cortex intracortical disinhibition. The intracortical disinhibition can be partially reverted by treatment with noninvasive brain stimulation techniques such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Although rTMS studies have shown promising results, few ones have assessed simultaneously its effect on behavioral, biochemical and neurophysiological measures. Thus, this study assessed the effect of rTMS on pain and, considering its action on the function of the inhibitory cortical and intracortical systems, this trial also evaluated cortical excitability parameters and levels of a neuroplasticity mediator BDNF, after rTMS treatment or a sham intervention in patients with chronic MPS. Objectives: To compare the effect of 10 sessions of rTMS with sham intervention effects in the cortical and subcortical nociceptive pathways (cortical excitability parameters and peripheral thermoalgesic thresholds), in the functional capacity, quality of sleep, pain levels, descending pain modulatory system and in BDNF serum levels in patients with chronic myofascial pain of jaw-cranial-cervical complex. Thus, the hypothesis of this study is that 10 sessions of rTMS, when compared with sham intervention result in improvement in pain levels in subjects with chronic myofascial pain of jaw-cranial-cervical complex. Methods: Twenty-four female aged 19-65 diagnosed with MPS of jaw-cranial-cervical complex for at least three months prior to recruitment and with neuropathic pain component (score equal or higher than four in the DN4 - neuropathic pain diagnostic questionnaire) were randomized to receive ten sessions of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) (n = 12) at 10 Hz or a sham intervention (n = 12). The study tested if pain [quantitative sensory testing (QST)], the descending inhibitory systems [conditioned pain modulation (QST+CPM)], the cortical excitability (TMS parameters) and the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) have changed after intervention. Results: There was a significant interaction (time vs. group) regarding the main outcomes of the pain scores as indexed by the visual analogue scale on pain (analysis of variance, P<0.01). Post hoc analysis showed that compared with sham intervention, the treatment decreased daily pain scores by 30.21% (95% confidence interval [CI] -39.23 - -21.20) and analgesic use by 44.56 (-57.46 - -31.67). Compared to sham intervention group, the rTMS group enhanced the corticospinal inhibitory system (41.74% reduction in QST+CPM, P<0.05), decreased by 23.94% the intracortical facilitation (P=0.03), and showed an increase of 52.02% the motor evoked potential (P=0.02) and presented 12.38 ng/mL higher serum BDNF (95%CI=2.32 - 22.38). rTMS group showed an increase in mean scores B-PCP: S (P <0.03), 45% reduction in the number of daily analgesic doses (P <0.003) and significantly better sleep quality (P <0.01). No adverse event was observed. Conclusions: The treatment with 10 sessions of high-frequency rTMS (10 Hz) was associated with significant improvement in chronic MPS. rTMS reduced pain scores, lowered analgesic use and improved sleep quality. The results also suggested that the rTMS analgesic effects in chronic MPS were mediated by top-down regulation mechanisms enhancing the activity of the corticospinal inhibitory system and that this effect involved an increase in BDNF secretion.

Introdução: Embora a completa fisiopatologia da SDM permaneça desconhecida, evidências sugerem que na dor crônica os sistemas inibitórios são deficitários, como demonstrado pelo enfraquecimento da inibição intracortical do córtex motor. No entanto, a desinibição intracortical pode ser parcialmente revertida pelo tratamento com técnicas de estimulação cerebral não invasiva, tais como a estimulação magnética transcraniana repetitiva (EMTr). Embora estudos com EMTr tenham mostrado resultados promissores, poucos têm avaliado simultaneamente seus efeitos em medidas comportamentais, bioquímicas e neurofisiológicas. Assim, neste estudo avaliamos o efeito da EMTr na dor e, considerando a sua ação na função dos sistemas inibitórios corticais e intra-corticais, também investigamos parâmetros de excitabilidade cortical e níveis do mediador de neuroplasticidade BDNF, após tratamento com EMTr ou intervenção sham, em indivíduos com SDM crônica. Objetivos: Comparar o efeito de 10 sessões de EMTr ao da intervenção sham na função das vias nociceptivas cortical e subcortical (limiares de excitabilidade cortical e limiares termoalgésicos periféricos), na capacidade funcional, na qualidade do sono, nos níveis de dor, no sistema modulatório descendente de dor e nos níveis séricos de BDNF, em indivíduos com dor crônica miofascial do complexo craniocervicomaxilar. Assim, a hipótese deste estudo é que 10 sessões de EMTr, quando comparada com intervenção sham está associada com melhora nos níveis de dor, em indivíduos com dor crônica miofascial do complexo craniocervicomaxilar. Métodos: Vinte e quatro participantes do sexo feminino, com idades entre 19-65 anos, diagnosticadas com SDM do complexo craniocervicomaxilar por pelo menos 3 meses anteriores ao recrutamento e que evidenciaram componente neuropático (escore igual ou maior a quarto no DN4 – questionário para diagnóstico de dor neuropática), foram randomizadas para receber dez sessões de estimulação magnética transcraniana repetitiva (EMTr) (n = 12) de 10 Hz ou intervenção sham (n = 12). O estudo avaliou se a dor [limiares termoalgésicos (QST)], o sistema inibitório descendente [modulação condicionada da dor (QST + CPM)], a excitabilidade cortical (parâmetros da EMT) e o BDNF foram alterados após a intervenção. Resultados: Houve interação significativa (tempo versus grupo) em relação aos escores de dor, evidenciados pela escala análoga visual analógica de dor (EVA) (análise de variância, P<0,01). Análise post hoc mostrou que, em comparação com intervenção sham, o tratamento com EMTr reduziu em 30,21% os escores diários de dor (95% intervalo de confiança [IC] de -39,23 - -21,20) e em 44,56% o uso de analgésicos (-57,46 - -31,67). Comparado com o sham, o grupo que recebeu EMTr ativa aprimorou o sistema corticoespinal inibitório (redução de 41,74% no QST+CPM, P<0,05), reduziu em 23,94% a facilitação intracortical (P=0,03), aumentou em 52,02% o potencial evocado motor (P=0,02) e apresentou aumento de 12,38 ng/ml no nível sérico de BDNF (IC 95%=2,32-22,38). O grupo que recebeu EMTr demonstrou aumento na média dos escores B-PCP:S (P<0.03), redução de 45% no número de doses analgésicas diárias (P<0.003) e melhora na qualidade do sono (P<0.01). Nenhum efeito adverso foi observado. Conclusões: O tratamento com 10 sessões de EMTr de alta frequência (10 Hz) foi associado com significativa melhora na SDM crônica. EMTr reduziu os escores de dor, diminuiu o uso de analgésicos e melhorou a qualidade do sono. Os resultados do estudo também sugerem que os efeitos analgésicos da EMTr na SDM crônica foram mediados por mecanismos top-down regulation, que aumentaram a atividade do sistema corticoespinal inibitório, bem como a secreção de BDNF. / Introduction: Although the complete pathophysiology of MPS remains unknown, cumulative evidences suggest that in chronic pain the inhibitory systems are defective, as indexed by the weakening motor cortex intracortical disinhibition. The intracortical disinhibition can be partially reverted by treatment with noninvasive brain stimulation techniques such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Although rTMS studies have shown promising results, few ones have assessed simultaneously its effect on behavioral, biochemical and neurophysiological measures. Thus, this study assessed the effect of rTMS on pain and, considering its action on the function of the inhibitory cortical and intracortical systems, this trial also evaluated cortical excitability parameters and levels of a neuroplasticity mediator BDNF, after rTMS treatment or a sham intervention in patients with chronic MPS. Objectives: To compare the effect of 10 sessions of rTMS with sham intervention effects in the cortical and subcortical nociceptive pathways (cortical excitability parameters and peripheral thermoalgesic thresholds), in the functional capacity, quality of sleep, pain levels, descending pain modulatory system and in BDNF serum levels in patients with chronic myofascial pain of jaw-cranial-cervical complex. Thus, the hypothesis of this study is that 10 sessions of rTMS, when compared with sham intervention result in improvement in pain levels in subjects with chronic myofascial pain of jaw-cranial-cervical complex. Methods: Twenty-four female aged 19-65 diagnosed with MPS of jaw-cranial-cervical complex for at least three months prior to recruitment and with neuropathic pain component (score equal or higher than four in the DN4 - neuropathic pain diagnostic questionnaire) were randomized to receive ten sessions of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) (n = 12) at 10 Hz or a sham intervention (n = 12). The study tested if pain [quantitative sensory testing (QST)], the descending inhibitory systems [conditioned pain modulation (QST+CPM)], the cortical excitability (TMS parameters) and the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) have changed after intervention. Results: There was a significant interaction (time vs. group) regarding the main outcomes of the pain scores as indexed by the visual analogue scale on pain (analysis of variance, P<0.01). Post hoc analysis showed that compared with sham intervention, the treatment decreased daily pain scores by 30.21% (95% confidence interval [CI] -39.23 - -21.20) and analgesic use by 44.56 (-57.46 - -31.67). Compared to sham intervention group, the rTMS group enhanced the corticospinal inhibitory system (41.74% reduction in QST+CPM, P<0.05), decreased by 23.94% the intracortical facilitation (P=0.03), and showed an increase of 52.02% the motor evoked potential (P=0.02) and presented 12.38 ng/mL higher serum BDNF (95%CI=2.32 - 22.38). rTMS group showed an increase in mean scores B-PCP: S (P <0.03), 45% reduction in the number of daily analgesic doses (P <0.003) and significantly better sleep quality (P <0.01). No adverse event was observed. Conclusions: The treatment with 10 sessions of high-frequency rTMS (10 Hz) was associated with significant improvement in chronic MPS. rTMS reduced pain scores, lowered analgesic use and improved sleep quality. The results also suggested that the rTMS analgesic effects in chronic MPS were mediated by top-down regulation mechanisms enhancing the activity of the corticospinal inhibitory system and that this effect involved an increase in BDNF secretion.

No description available.