A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2015 Johannesburg. / Introduction There has been little published in South Africa regarding quality improvement in health and in particular the involvement of patients in this intervention. There is evidence globally that both quality improvement efforts and particularly the engagement of the users adds value to health services. Three projects were conceived around this core concept as explained below. 1. Systematic review. Patients’ involvement in improvement initiatives: a qualitative systematic review After a search was done of databases, 5121 papers were found to be potentially relevant. After screening and critical appraisal for eligibility, it was found that 31 articles qualified for analysis. These were then assessed using JBI software and 5 categories and 2 metasynthesised findings were documented. In summary, there were enablers and barriers to involving patients. The five categories which lead to these 2 findings were the following: (1) although patient participation in QI is acknowledged and encouraged by many policies and documents globally, it is difficult to implement; (2) there are differing views between patients and providers as to the process; (3) on the positive side, different levels of involvement of patients in QI were demonstrated; 4) practical, appropriate and innovative results emerged; (5) individual or group support and incremental development through skills and enablement contributed towards success 2. The Integration of Non Communicable Chronic Diseases (NCDs) and HIV/Aids and mental health care through the involvement of chronically ill patients using Empowerment Evaluation (EE). At 9 primary care clinics, the process of EE was followed with chronically ill stable patients and appropriate healthcare workers. This was an additional intervention in an ongoing QI cycle on the integration of all chronic illnesses into one model, based on Lean principles. Steps followed were ‘’taking stock’’ ie assessing patients’ and HCWs’ impressions of the services at the clinic in a measured way, creating a vision and using this as a yardstick for the project and then problems and solutions being co-managed by the collaborative team. A total of 37 interventions were discussed and 23 implemented in the time frame. Innovative solutions were implemented and teams were empowered by the potential they experienced. 3. An exploration of childhood nutrition and wellness in a subdistrict by patient inclusivity in QI using experience based codesign (EBCD) with mothers/caregivers of malnourished children . Following the steps of EBCD, staff and patients exposed to health services regarding ill children, were interviewed, feedback was given of the findings separately and then in a combined meeting and co-design teams were created to work with the prioritised quality improvement interventions. Touch points in the system were examined through emotional mapping, video interviews and observations. Within the 10 month period of the project, 38 interventions were identified and 25 accepted and implemented at different levels. Conclusion The methodologies were chosen to fit with the qualitative aspect of the research. There were concrete appropriate improvement outcomes due to the engagement of service users in both the primary care clinics serving chronically ill patients and the paediatric system in one subdistrict eg the flow of patients improved, logistical improvements like direct admissions for very ill children, school and library opportunities for admitted ill children etc occurred. Subjective gains like the acknowledgement of their power role by patients and a flattening of the healthcare worker hierarchy were also experienced in the research. Other findings were that unexpected roleplayers were identified, the timeframe of such QI cycles needs to be considered especially regarding the resilience of patients and resources were not an importatn limitation. However some modifications would have to be considered to make these research approaches common practice. The particular research methodologies have not been published in a South African context before and have also not been used for paediatric or integrated chronic illness research and therefore contribute both content and process information to health systems research in South Africa. / MT2017

Foi descrita e analisada a implantação de um processo de gestão da qualidade total na Divisão de Laboratório Central entre 1996 e 97. O sistema de garantia da qualidade com descrição e análise efetuadas, apoiou-se na Norma ISO 9002. Seu desempenho foi monitorizado por indicadores, tendo as suas repercussões discutidas. Os resultados indicaram que processos similares são viáveis em laboratórios clínicos públicos. Demonstrando-se um envolvimento dos funcionários, com diminuição do absenteísmo e do número de licenças do trabalho. A produtividade e o faturamento aumentaram, mantendo-se o custo médio por exame. As pesquisas de opinião apontaram mudanças no conceito dos médicos sobre o laboratório e mais satisfaçào dos pacientes com os serviços prestados. Este sistema obteve reconhecimento externo em 1997 / The implementing process of a total quality management system in the DLC was described and analyzed from 1996-97. A quality assurance system was established base don the rules of the ISO 9002. The steps of the establishing process were described, analyzed and a set of the indicators were used in order to monitor the performance of the introduced system, through the analysis of its follow-up. The results demonstrated that employees´ commitment resulted in a decrease in absenteeism, leave of absence and accidents related to work. There was an increase in productivity and billing with the upkeep of the cost per exam. Public opinion polls disclosed a better concept of the laboratory by the clinical staff and the patients. This system got external certification in 1997

Trata-se de um pesquisa avaliativa, de caráter qualitativo, que avaliou a qualidade da assistência em 27 serviços públicos de atenção à aids no estado de São Paulo. A assistência ambulatorial foi avaliada enquanto uma ação programática integrada às propostas ético normativas do Programa Nacional de DST/Aids, utilizando-se o conceito de organização tecnológica do trabalho tanto para a montagem dos instrumentos de avaliação, como categoria de análise. Os parâmetros programáticos utilizados foram: clareza na priorização, especificidade na apreensão e manipulação dos objetos, acoplamento amarrado de atividades, acessibilidade do alvo, foco de julgamento e avaliação e compreensão e adesão dos agentes às proposições éticas do Programa. O material empírico foi colhido através de entrevistas com os gerentes e observação do trabalho. A partir desse material, foram definidos como indicadores programáticos da assistência ambulatorial: o fluxo articulado e diversificado de alternativas assistenciais, o acolhimento dos pacientes novos, a atenção integral às gestantes, a abordagem da sexualidade, da concepção e da adesão ao tratamento, o encaminhamento dos pacientes difíceis, as abordagens psico-sociais e os mecanismos de integração da equipe. Os resultados indicaram que a organização tecnológica da assistência na média dos serviços conforma um modelo tecnológico de transição entre a assistência médica ambulatorial tradicional, tendo como eixo o trabalho médico especializado, e um modelo de atenção integral, centrado no trabalho multiprofissional e orientado pelo plano ético normativo do programa. A composição dos indicadores pode delimitar 3 grupos de qualidade, tecnologicamente distintos, tendo no grupo de melhor qualidade os serviços que têm conseguido avançar na radicalização de suas propostas assistenciais na direção dos compromissos éticos de promoção e emancipação dos sujeitos. Os resultados desta pesquisa estão sendo utilizados para validação de uma avaliação de qualidade dos ambulatórios públicos de assistência à aids em todo o Brasil. / Twenty-seven AIDS outpatient services from São Paulo State public health system, Brazil had their quality of care evaluated. Interviews with the managers and work observation were applied in all services. The approach was focused on the integration of the process of care through the following evaluation parameters: prioritization of relevant work targets; use of different and specific technical approaches; evaluation activities; health team integration, and communication between professionals and patients The analysis was carried out through the following empirical indicators: routine for the patients who missed appointments and/or interrupted the treatment, are pregnant or drug users and who had their first contact with the service, routine discussing sexuality, conception, and adherence; regular use of psychological and social approaches; regular mechanisms of integration among different professionals, e.g. meetings, case discussions and training; initiatives in enhancing dialogue with patients, e.g. discussion groups and with the community, e.g. ombudsman and cooperation with NGO; skills coping with non predictable situations, e.g. patients who frequently miss appointments or refuse the treatment or asked for other kinds of appointment routines; manager leadership in dealing with technical and ethical issues on team interaction. With the analysis of this indicator network it was possible to classify the 27 services in 3 levels of quality. These results are being used to establish criteria for the quality of care evaluation, which is being carried out on a national scale in the AIDS Brazilian Program.

Trata-se de um pesquisa avaliativa, de caráter qualitativo, que avaliou a qualidade da assistência em 27 serviços públicos de atenção à aids no estado de São Paulo. A assistência ambulatorial foi avaliada enquanto uma ação programática integrada às propostas ético normativas do Programa Nacional de DST/Aids, utilizando-se o conceito de organização tecnológica do trabalho tanto para a montagem dos instrumentos de avaliação, como categoria de análise. Os parâmetros programáticos utilizados foram: clareza na priorização, especificidade na apreensão e manipulação dos objetos, acoplamento amarrado de atividades, acessibilidade do alvo, foco de julgamento e avaliação e compreensão e adesão dos agentes às proposições éticas do Programa. O material empírico foi colhido através de entrevistas com os gerentes e observação do trabalho. A partir desse material, foram definidos como indicadores programáticos da assistência ambulatorial: o fluxo articulado e diversificado de alternativas assistenciais, o acolhimento dos pacientes novos, a atenção integral às gestantes, a abordagem da sexualidade, da concepção e da adesão ao tratamento, o encaminhamento dos pacientes difíceis, as abordagens psico-sociais e os mecanismos de integração da equipe. Os resultados indicaram que a organização tecnológica da assistência na média dos serviços conforma um modelo tecnológico de transição entre a assistência médica ambulatorial tradicional, tendo como eixo o trabalho médico especializado, e um modelo de atenção integral, centrado no trabalho multiprofissional e orientado pelo plano ético normativo do programa. A composição dos indicadores pode delimitar 3 grupos de qualidade, tecnologicamente distintos, tendo no grupo de melhor qualidade os serviços que têm conseguido avançar na radicalização de suas propostas assistenciais na direção dos compromissos éticos de promoção e emancipação dos sujeitos. Os resultados desta pesquisa estão sendo utilizados para validação de uma avaliação de qualidade dos ambulatórios públicos de assistência à aids em todo o Brasil. / Twenty-seven AIDS outpatient services from São Paulo State public health system, Brazil had their quality of care evaluated. Interviews with the managers and work observation were applied in all services. The approach was focused on the integration of the process of care through the following evaluation parameters: prioritization of relevant work targets; use of different and specific technical approaches; evaluation activities; health team integration, and communication between professionals and patients The analysis was carried out through the following empirical indicators: routine for the patients who missed appointments and/or interrupted the treatment, are pregnant or drug users and who had their first contact with the service, routine discussing sexuality, conception, and adherence; regular use of psychological and social approaches; regular mechanisms of integration among different professionals, e.g. meetings, case discussions and training; initiatives in enhancing dialogue with patients, e.g. discussion groups and with the community, e.g. ombudsman and cooperation with NGO; skills coping with non predictable situations, e.g. patients who frequently miss appointments or refuse the treatment or asked for other kinds of appointment routines; manager leadership in dealing with technical and ethical issues on team interaction. With the analysis of this indicator network it was possible to classify the 27 services in 3 levels of quality. These results are being used to establish criteria for the quality of care evaluation, which is being carried out on a national scale in the AIDS Brazilian Program.

Foi descrita e analisada a implantação de um processo de gestão da qualidade total na Divisão de Laboratório Central entre 1996 e 97. O sistema de garantia da qualidade com descrição e análise efetuadas, apoiou-se na Norma ISO 9002. Seu desempenho foi monitorizado por indicadores, tendo as suas repercussões discutidas. Os resultados indicaram que processos similares são viáveis em laboratórios clínicos públicos. Demonstrando-se um envolvimento dos funcionários, com diminuição do absenteísmo e do número de licenças do trabalho. A produtividade e o faturamento aumentaram, mantendo-se o custo médio por exame. As pesquisas de opinião apontaram mudanças no conceito dos médicos sobre o laboratório e mais satisfaçào dos pacientes com os serviços prestados. Este sistema obteve reconhecimento externo em 1997 / The implementing process of a total quality management system in the DLC was described and analyzed from 1996-97. A quality assurance system was established base don the rules of the ISO 9002. The steps of the establishing process were described, analyzed and a set of the indicators were used in order to monitor the performance of the introduced system, through the analysis of its follow-up. The results demonstrated that employees´ commitment resulted in a decrease in absenteeism, leave of absence and accidents related to work. There was an increase in productivity and billing with the upkeep of the cost per exam. Public opinion polls disclosed a better concept of the laboratory by the clinical staff and the patients. This system got external certification in 1997