Nous avons mené une étude expérimentale du bruit de grenaille quantique dans une mono-couche de graphène. La conductance et l'effet Hall quantique ont été également examinés. Le modèle théorique, décrivant la conductance et le bruit quantique dans du graphène idéal (balistique) a été proposé par Tworzydlo et al., 2006. Dans du graphène diffusif, plus facilement réalisable expérimentalement, le bruit de grenaille a été étudié numériquement par plusieurs auteurs (San-Jose et al., 2007, Lewenkopf et al., 2008, Logoteta et al., 2013). Les conclusions des premiers travaux expérimentaux (DiCarlo et al., 2008 and Danneau et al., 2008) sur ce sujet n'en ont pas permis une compréhension suffisamment approfondi et des études complémentaires sont nécessaires. Dans notre expérience nous avons tenté de réduire au maximum les contributions du système de mesure sur le signal détecté en effectuant une mesure du bruit en tension quatre points et en utilisant la détection en cross-corrélation. En plus, notre système de mesure inclut des amplificateurs bas bruit cryogéniques faits maison combinés avec des filtres passe-bande alors que notre couche de graphène contient une constriction au centre. n utilisant les résultats des mesures de la conductance et de l'effet Hall quantique nous avons déterminé le libre parcours moyen dans notre échantillon et conclu qu'il est dans le régime diffusif. Les valeurs du facteur de Fano que nous avons extraites sont en bon accord avec les simulations pour ce régime, un pic au point de Dirac prévu par Lewenkopf et al. a été observé. D'autre part, nos résultats sont compatibles avec ceux de Danneau et al. and DiCarlo et al. / We have conducted an experimental study of the quantum shot noise in a mono-layer graphene device. Conductance of the device and the quantum Hall effect were also investigated. A theoretical model, describing conductance and quantum shot noise in ideal (ballistic) graphene was proposed by Tworzydlo et al., 2006. In diffusive graphene, that is much easier achievable experimentally, shot noise was investigated numerically by several authors (San-Jose et al., 2007, Lewenkopf et al., 2008, Logoteta et al., 2013). Conclusions of the first experimental works (DiCarlo et al., 2008 and Danneau et al., 2008), addressing this problem, didn’t lead to an enough broad understanding of it and a further investigation was required. In our experiment we intended to maximally reduce the contributions of the measurement system to the detected signal by performing four-point voltage noise measurement as well as by using cross-correlation detection. In addition to that, our measurement system include home-made cryogenic low-noise amplifiers combined with band-pass filters, while our experimental device carries a constriction in the center of graphene layer and side-gates are used instead of back-gate. First, using the results of the conductance and of the quantum Hall effect measurements we determined the mean free path in our sample and concluded that it was in diffusive regime. The extracted values of the Fano factor show a good agreement with the above-mentioned simulations for this regime, in particular, the peak at Dirac point, predicted by Lewenkopf et al., was observed. Moreover our results are consistent with those of Danneau et al. and DiCarlo et al.

We have conducted an experimental study of the quantum shot noise in a mono-layer graphene device. Conductance of the device and the quantum Hall effect were also investigated. A theoretical model, describing conductance and quantum shot noise in ideal (ballistic) graphene was proposed by Tworzydlo et al., 2006. In diffusive graphene, that is much easier achievable experimentally, shot noise was investigated numerically by several authors (San-Jose et al., 2007, Lewenkopf et al., 2008, Logoteta et al., 2013). Conclusions of the first experimental works (DiCarlo et al., 2008 and Danneau et al., 2008), addressing this problem, didn't lead to an enough broad understanding of it and a further investigation was required. In our experiment we intended to maximally reduce the contributions of the measurement system to the detected signal by performing four-point voltage noise measurement as well as by using cross-correlation detection. In addition to that, our measurement system include home-made cryogenic low-noise amplifiers combined with band-pass filters, while our experimental device carries a constriction in the center of graphene layer and side-gates are used instead of back-gate. First, using the results of the conductance and of the quantum Hall effect measurements we determined the mean free path in our sample and concluded that it was in diffusive regime. The extracted values of the Fano factor show a good agreement with the above-mentioned simulations for this regime, in particular, the peak at Dirac point, predicted by Lewenkopf et al., was observed. Moreover our results are consistent with those of Danneau et al. and DiCarlo et al.

It is well known from Mermin-Wagner theorem that a two dimensional(2D) system with continuous symmetry can have no long-range order at finite temperature. However such systems can undergo a transition from a low temperature phase with quasi-long range order to a disordered phase at high temperatures. This is known as Berezinskii Kosterlitz Thouless (BKT) transition. The BKT transition is characterized by the presence of bound vortex pairs at low temperature which dissociate into free vortices above the critical temperature and has been observed in thin superconducting films, 2D superfluids, 2D liquid crystals etc. In this thesis work, we have used resistance/current fluctuations (low frequency/shotnoise) as a probe to investigate the BKT transition in different 2D systems. This work can be divided into three parts: In the first part, we probe the ground state of interacting electrons in 2D in the presence of disorder. We show that at low enough temperatures (~ 270mK),the conductivity tends to zero at a nonzero carrier density with a BKT-like transition. Our experiments with many two dimensional electron systems in GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures suggest that the charge transport at low carrier densities is due to the melting of an underlying ordered ground state through proliferation of topological defects. Independent measurement of low-frequency conductivity noise supports this scenario. In the second part, we probe the presence of long-range correlations in phase fluctuations by analyzing the higher-order spectrum of resistance fluctuations in ultrathin NbN superconducting films. The non-Gaussian component of resistance fluctuations is found to be sensitive to film thickness close to the transition, which allows us to distinguish between mean field and BKT type superconducting transitions. The extent of non-Gaussianity was found to be bounded by the BKT and mean field transition temperatures and depends strongly on the roughness and structural inhomogeneity of the superconducting films. In the final part of the thesis, we explore the transport mechanism in disordered 2D superconductors using shot noise. The resistivity shows an activated transport in the patterned ultrathin films of NbN at low temperatures signifying the presence of large scale inhomogeneities in the sample. The measurement of current fluctuations yield a giant excess noise at low temperatures which eventually decreases below the measurement background at a temperature corresponding to the normal state of the original sample(before patterning). We attribute the enhancement in the shot noise to a possible occurrence of multiple Andreev reflections occurring in a network of SNS(superconductor-normal-superconductor) junctions formed due to the interplay of disorder and superconducting fluctuations.