O objetivo desse trabalho é estudar aplicações da correspondência AdS/CFT na descrição de plasmas fortemente acoplados similares ao plasma de quarks e glúons (PQG) produzido em colisões de íons pesados no RHIC e no LHC. O projeto está articulado em duas partes. Inicialmente estudamos como alguns observáveis, como a taxa de produção de fótons e diléptons, são afetados por anisotropias espaciais presentes no plasma. Isso é importante porque o PQG produzido em experimentos do mundo real tipicamente começa em configurações de alta anisotropia, que depois evoluem para configurações isotrópicas. Para modelar a anisotropia a acoplamento forte fizemos uso de uma solução de buraco negro de supergravidade do tipo IIB encontrada recentemente em arXiv:1105.3472/hep-th. Como segunda direção de pesquisa e novamente focando em aplicações da correspondência AdS/CFT na descrição do PQG, investigamos teorias de gravidade de Lovelock, que são generalizações naturais da teoria de relatividade geral de Einstein. Essas teorias contém termos com derivadas de ordem superior ao mesmo tempo que mantém equações do movimento de segunda ordem, e por isso constituem uma arena ideal para começar a entender como termos de derivada de ordem superior afetam vários observáveis físicos do plasma. / The aim of this work is to study applications of the AdS/CFT correspondence to strongly coupled plasmas similar to the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) produced in heavy ion collisions at RHIC and LHC. The project is articulated in two parts. Initially, we will study how some observables, such as photon and dilepton production rates, are affected by spatial anisotropies present in the plasma. This is important, since the QGP produced in real world experiments generically starts in highly anisotropic configurations, which later evolve towards isotropy. To model anisotropy at strong coupling we will make use of an anisotropic black hole solution of type IIB supergravity which has been recently obtained in arXiv:1105.3472/ hep-th. As a second direction of research and again focusing on applications of the AdS/CFT correspondence to the QGP, we will investigate Lovelock theories of gravity, which are natural generalizations of Einsteins general relativity. These theories contain higher derivative terms, while maintaining the equations of motion of second order, and constitute an ideal arena where to start understanding how higher derivative corrections affect various physical observables of the plasma.

O Plasma de Quarks e Glúons é um novo estado da matéria criado brevemente em colisões nucleares de alta energia no RHIC (acelerador localizado no Brookhaven National Laboratory) e no LHC (acelerador do CERN, na Suíça). Para pesquisar suas propriedades e estado inicial, várias análises e métodos são usados. Neste mestrado, foi pesquisada a recém proposta Análise em Componentes Principais para multiplicidade e fluxo anisotrópico. É discutida sua sensibilidade ao tamanho das inomogeneidades no estado inicial bem como (de maneira indireta) ao tipo de condições iniciais e energia da colisão. Foi feita também uma comparação com dados experimentais recém obtidos pela colaboração CMS do LHC. O resultado talvez mais promissor é a diferença qualitativa entre dados de flutuações de multiplicidade e resultados de simulações hidrodinâmicas com certas condições iniciais. / The Quark Gluon Plasma is a new state of matter created briefly in high energy nuclear collisions at RHIC (accelerator located at Brookhaven National Laboratory) and at LHC (accelerator at CERN, Switzerland). To research its properties and initial state, many analysis and methods are used. In this master, the recently proposed Principal Component Analysis was studied for multiplicity and anisotropic flow. Its sensitivity to the size of inhomogeneities in the initial state as well as (indirectly) to the kind of initial conditions and collision energy is discussed. Also, a comparison was done with experimental data recently obtained by the CMS collaboration from LHC. Maybe, the most promising result is the qualitative difference between data from multiplicity fluctuations and results from hydrodynamic simulations with different initial conditions.

In this thesis, we construct two QCD based energy loss models to perform quantitative analysis of jet quenching observables in ultra-relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions at RHIC and the LHC. We first build up a perturbative QCD based CUJET2.0 jet flavor tomography model that couples the dynamical running coupling DGLV opacity series to bulk data constrained relativistic viscous hydrodynamic backgrounds. It solves the strong heavy quark energy loss puzzle at RHIC and explains the surprising transparency of the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) at the LHC. The observed azimuthal anisotropy of hard leading hadrons requires a path dependent jet-medium coupling in CUJET2.0 that implies physics of nonperturbative origin. To explore the nonperturbative chromo-electric and chromo-magnetic structure of the strongly-coupled QGP through jet probes, we build up a new CUJET3.0 framework that includes in CUJET2.0 both Polyakov loop suppressed semi-QGP chromo-electric charges and emergent chromo-magnetic monopoles in the critical transition regime. CUJET3.0 quantitatively describes the anisotropic hadron suppression at RHIC and the LHC. More significantly, it provides a robust connection between the long wavelength "perfect fluidity'' of the QGP and the short distance jet transport in the QGP. This framework paves the way for ``measuring'' both perturbative and nonperturbative properties of the QGP, and more importantly for probing color confinement through jet quenching.

In this thesis it is performed the measurement of electrons from heavy-flavor hadron decays, with the use of the ALICE detector, at LHC. Two analysis are performed. The first one consists in the measurement of the invariant cross section of electrons from open heavy-flavor (charm or beauty) hadron decays in pp collisions at s = 13 TeV, the largest center of mass energy generated by LHC up to now, in the transverse momentum interval 0.5 < pT < 4 GeV/c. The experimental cross-section is compared to the pQCD-based prediction given by FONLL, and it sits on the upper edge of the theoretical uncertainty band over the full momentum range. The ratios between this experimental result and the equivalent measurements performed at lower center of mass energy have the potential to bring constrains to the FONLL calculation. The second analysis consists in the measurement of the nuclear modification factor, RAA , of electrons from beauty-hadron decays in the 10% most central Pb-Pb collisions at sNN = 5.02 TeV, in the interval 2 < pT < 8 GeV/c. Electrons from beauty-hadron decays are extracted from the inclusive electron yield via fits to the impact parameter distribution using templates of electrons from different sources, obtained from Monte Carlo simulations. This measurement allows to probe the energy loss of beauty quarks when traversing the Quark-Gluon-Plasma (QGP), a color-deconfined medium produced in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. A suppression of about 40-50% is observed on the RAA for pT > 3 GeV/c and it is consistent, over the full momentum range and within experimental uncertainties, with the prediction of pQCD-based models that describe a mass-dependent energy loss of the heavy-quarks while traversing the QGP, interacting with its constituents via radiative and collisional processes. This analysis brings significant improvement of the experimental uncertainties with respect to the equivalent measurement performed with the run 1 data and consists in an important step in the study of the mass-dependence of the energy loss of heavy quarks inside the QGP at low pT . / Nessa tese é feita a medida de elétrons provenientes do decaimento de hadrons que contêm quarks pesados (charm ou beauty), com o uso dos detectores do experimento ALICE, no LHC. Duas análises são realizadas. A primeira consiste na medida da seção de choque invariante de elétrons provenientes do decaimento de hadrons que contêm quarks charm ou beauty em colisões pp a s = 13 TeV, a maior energia de centro de massa gerada pelo LHC até então, na região de momento transversal 0.5 < pT < 4 GeV/c. Esse resultado é comparado com a previsão dada pelo FONLL (calculo baseado em QCD perturbativa) e se situa no limite superior da incerteza teórica, sobre toda a faixa de momento. As razões entre este resultado experimental e medidas equivalentes realizadas em mais baixa energia podem trazer informações importantes para tornar o cálculo teórico mais preciso. A segunda análise consiste na medida do fator de modificação nuclear, RAA , de elétrons provenientes do decaimento de hadrons que contêm quarks beauty, em colisões centrais de Pb-Pb a sNN = 5.02 TeV, no intervalo 2 < pT < 8 GeV/c. Elétrons provenientes de hadrons que contêm quarks beauty são extrados do conjunto de elétrons inclusivos a partir do ajuste da distribuição do parâmetro de impacto com templates de elétrons de diferentes fontes, extrados de simulações de Monte Carlo. Essa medida permite estudar a perda de energia dos quarks beauty ao atravessarem o Plasma de Quarks e Glúons (QGP), produzido em colisões entre ons pesados em altas energias. É observada uma supressão de 40-50% no RAA medido para pT > 3 GeV/c e esta é consistente, sobre toda a faixa de p T , com a previsão de modelos baseados em pQCD, que descrevem a perda de energia dos quarks pesados via processos elásticos e inelásticos com os constituintes do QGP, de maneira dependente da massa. Este resultado possui incertezas experimentais significativamente menores com relação à medida realizada com dados do run 1 e consiste num importante passo no estudo da dependência em massa da perda de energia dos quarks pesados no QGP em baixo pT .

The main goal of ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions is the study of the properties of the matter at very high temperatures and energy densities. Quantum chromodynamics (QCD) predicts in these conditions the existence of a new phase of the matter whose components are deconfined in a Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP). Heavy quarks (charm e bottom) are produced in the first stages of the collisions, before to interact with the medium. Therefore, the measurement of the quarkonia (cc and bb mesons) is of particular interest for the study of the QGP: their dissociation mainly due to the colour screening is sensible to the initial temperature of the medium. Previous measurements at the SPS and RHIC allowed to understand some characteristics of the system produced, but they also opened many questions. With an energy 14 times higher than RHIC, the LHC (Large Hadron Collider) at CERN opened a new era for the study of the QGP properties. ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment) is the LHC experiment fully dedicated to the study of the Quark-Gluon Plasma produced in Pb-Pb collisions at an energy of 2.76 TeV per nucleon. The experiment also participates to the proton-proton data taking in order to obtain the fundamental reference for the study of ion-ion and proton-ion collisions and for testing the predictions at very small Bjorken-x values of the perturbative QCD. Quarkonia, D and B mesons and light vector mesons are measured at forward rapidity by a Muon Spectrometer exploiting their (di)muonic decay. This detector is composed of a front absorber, a dipole magnet, five stations of tracking (Muon Tracking) and two stations of trigger (Muon Trigger). The work presented in this thesis has been carried out from 2011 to 2013 during the first period of data taking of ALICE. After a detailed introduction of the heavy-ion physics and a description of the experimental setup, the performance of the Muon Trigger in Pb-Pb collisions are shown. A particular attention is devoted to the stability of the detector during the time and to the trigger effectiveness. Moreover, the cluster size, corresponding to the number of adjacent strips hit by a particle, is studied as a function of different variables. The experimental results will be compared to simulations in order to obtain a good parametrization of this phenomenon. Finally, the Ç production in Pb-Pb collisions is carefully analysed and compared to that in pp collisions at the same energy. The results are then compared to the J/ψ measurements obtained by ALICE, to the CMS results and to some theoretical predictions.

La chromodynamique quantique (QCD), théorie actuellement utilisée pour décrire l’interaction forte, a prédit l’existence d’une transition de phase, à très haute température et/ou densité, vers un état de la matière nucléaire où les quarks et les gluons sont déconfinés : le Plasma de Quarks et de Gluons (QGP). Un tel milieu peut être produit en laboratoire, et la mesure de ses propriétés permet d’apporter un éclairage nouveau sur les mécanismes sur les mécanismes d’interactions entre les constituants ainsi que de tester la QCD dans des domaines inexplorés.Les collisions d’ions lourds ultra-relativistes délivrées par l’accélérateur LHC au CERN permettent d’obtenir les conditions thermodynamiques nécessaires à la formation du QGP. À l’aide d’une instrumentation diversifiée, l’expérience ALICE permet d’accéder à un grand nombre d’observables permettant de caractériser le QGP. Parmi celles-ci, la mesure de la fragmentation des partons (quarks et gluons) permet d’étudier en détail les mécanismes de perte d’énergie des partons dans le milieu et de sa redistribution dans l’état final, et peut également être comparée à des calculs théoriques modélisant, à partir de la QCD, l’interaction d’un parton énergétique avec le QGP qu’il traverse.Le travail de thèse présenté dans ce manuscrit s’articule autour de l’étude de la fonction de fragmentation par la mesure des corrélations photon-hadron en collisions proton-proton et proton-Plomb. Dans un premier temps, un travail de calibration en énergie du calorimètre électromagnétique de l’expérience ALICE a été réalisé, accompagné de la caractérisation des incertitudes de cette calibration. Dans un second temps, les corrélations photon-hadron, dont la difficulté majeure réside en l’identification des photons directs, ont été étudiées. Les résultats obtenus dans les deux systèmes de collisions démontrent la faisabilité de l’analyse qui pourra être étendue facilement aux collisions Plomb-Plomb périphériques. Enfin, ce travail montre que les incertitudes dominantes de la mesure seront réductibles avec les données prochainement délivrées par le LHC. / The quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the theory used at present to describe the strong interaction, predicts the existence of a phase transition, at very high temperature and/or density, towards a state of nuclear matter where quarks and gluons are deconfined : the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP). Such a medium can be produced in laboratory, and the measurement of its properties allows to give a new perspective on the mechanisms of interactions between the constituents as well as to test the QCD in unexplored domains.Ultra-relativistic heavy ion collisions delivered by the accelerator LHC at CERN allow to obtain the thermodynamical conditions necessary for the QGP to be formed. By means of a diversified instrumentation, the ALICE experiment allows to reach a large number of observables allowing to characterize the QGP. Among these, the measurement of the fragmentation of the partons (quarks and gluons) allows to study in detail the mechanisms of energy loss in the medium and its redistribution in the final state, and can also be compared with theoretical calculations, based on QCD, that model the interaction of an energetic parton with the QGP which is passing through.The work presented in this manuscript is articulated around the study of the fragmentation function via the measurement of the photon-hadron correlations in proton-proton and proton-Lead collisions. At first, a work on energy calibration of the ALICE experiment’s electromagnetic calorimeter was realized, along with the characterization of the uncertainties of this calibration. Secondly, the photon-hadron correlations, whose main difficulty is the identification of the direct photons, were studied. The results obtained in both systems of collisions demonstrate the feasibility of the analysis which can be easily widened to the peripheral Lead-Lead collisions. Finally, this work shows that the dominant uncertainties of the measurement will be reducible with the new data delivered by the LHC.

La théorie de l’interaction forte, ou Chromodynamique Quantique (QCD), prédit l’existence d’une nouvelle phase de la matière nucléaire à très haute température et/ou très haute densité. Cet état est composé de quarks et de gluons déconfinés connu sous le nom de plasma de quarks-gluons (PQG).La mesure de sa composition et de ses propriétés est un enjeu important pour la physique nucléaire du XXIème siècle afin de parvenir à une meilleure compréhension des symétries et des mécanismes fondamentaux à l’origine du confinement des quarks au sein des hadrons et de l’interaction forte dans son ensemble.L’accélérateur LHC (Large Hadron Collider) au CERN (Organisation Européenne pour la Recherche Nucléaire) permet d’atteindre les conditions thermodynamiques nécessaires à la formationdu plasma de quarks-gluons à l’aide de collisions d’ions lourds (Pb) ultra relativistes. L’expérience ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment) permet d’accéder à un grand nombre d’observables pour caractériser le PQG à partir de la reconstruction et de l’identification des particules produites lors descollisions. Parmi ces observables, la perte d’énergie des partons (quarks, gluons) de haute impulsiontransverse permet une étude des caractéristiques du milieu telle que sa densité et sa température.La perte d’énergie des partons est mise en évidence par la modification de la distribution en énergiedes hadrons produits par fragmentation.Cette thèse s’articule autour de l’analyse des corrélations photon-hadron dans le but d’étudierla modification de la fragmentation partonique par le plasma de quarks-gluons. La première partiede cette thèse est consacrée à la caractérisation du calorimètre électromagnétique EMCal, détecteur central pour la mesure en énergie et l’identification des photons. La seconde partie est dédiéeà la mesure des corrélations photon-hadron, dont l’analyse a portée sur les collisions proton-protond’énergie ps = 7 TeV, avant d’être appliquée aux collisions Plomb-Plomb d’énergie psNN = 2.76TeV. Un effort particulier a été fourni pour optimiser l’identification des photons prompts, un des points clés de cette analyse. / The strong interaction theory, Quantum Chromodynamic (QCD), predicts a new phase of nuclearmatter at very high temperature and/or very high density. This state is composed of deconfinedquarks and gluons known as the quark-gluon plasma (QGP). The measurement of its compositionand properties is a challenge for the nuclear physics of the 21st century and should lead to a betterunderstanding of the fundamental symetries and mechanisms related to the quarks confinement insidehadrons and the strong interaction generally.The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) accelerator at CERN (European Organization for NuclearResearch) allows to reach the thermodynamic conditions required to create the quark-gluon plasmausing ultra-relativistic heavy ion collisions (Pb). The ALICE experiment (A Large Ion ColliderExperiment) allows to access several probes to characterize the QGP through particles reconstructionand. Among these probes, high energy parton energy loss is used to access medium characteristicssuch as density or temperature. Parton energy loss is estimated from the modification of the energydistribution of hadrons produced by fragmentation.This thesis is dedicated to the photon-hadron correlations analysis in order to study the modificationof the parton fragmentation due to the quark-gluon plasma. First part of this thesis is devotedto the characterization of the electromagnetic calorimeter (EMCal), the central detector for energymeasurement and photon identification. The second part is dedicated to the photon-hadron correlationmeasurement, for the 7 TeV proton-proton collisions and 2.76 TeV Lead-Lead collisions. Animportant work has been done to improve the prompt photon identification, one of the key point ofthis analysis.

Submitted by Wagner Maciel Castilho (castilho.w@gmail.com) on 2017-12-05T10:53:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseWagner.pdf: 4189219 bytes, checksum: dbc77f46b31b8872c5aafe68d8a5b7d0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Pamella Benevides Gonçalves null (pamella@feg.unesp.br) on 2017-12-05T12:38:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 catilho_wm_dr_guara.pdf: 4189219 bytes, checksum: dbc77f46b31b8872c5aafe68d8a5b7d0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-05T12:38:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 catilho_wm_dr_guara.pdf: 4189219 bytes, checksum: dbc77f46b31b8872c5aafe68d8a5b7d0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-10 / Os fenômenos físicos envolvidos em colisões relativísticas de íons pesados foram estudados utilizando o código hidrodinâmico NeXSPheRIO, com condições iniciais flutuantes evento a evento, caracterizado por tubos de fluxo longitudinais de altas energias. Foram realizadas análises para o espectro de hádrons em função dos momentos transversais pelos cálculos das distribuições de partículas em sete janelas de centralidade de colisão, de acordo com dados publicados pela Colaboração STAR. A coletividade da matéria nuclear formada durante as colisões foi investigada em termos de correlações azimutais entre hádrons. Verificou-se que as estruturas da correlação dependem do momento transversal e da centralidade. Tais estruturas são atribuídas à interação entre um fundo dependente da centralidade e as flutuações de evento a evento na multiplicidade. Como resultado, as correlações observadas são apresentadas por um duplo pico na região do away-side que mudam continuamente para um pico único sob certas circunstâncias. Em termos do modelo do tubo periférico, o fundo é dominado pelo fluxo elíptico que aumenta com a descentralização. Pelos cálculos numéricos, a anisotropia do sistema é estudada quanto aos coeficientes de fluxo harmônico até a quarta ordem, de acordo com os dados da colaboração PHENIX. A anisotropia do fundo contribui para as correlações entre hádrons e pôde ser avaliada pelo método ZYAM. Após sua subtração na produção do sinal de correlação próprio, a estrutura de correlação resultante é uma função da centralidade, plano de evento e do momento transverso de acordo com os dados das colaborações PHENIX e STAR. Mostrou-se que a estrutura do duplo pico no away-side muda continuamente para um pico único com a redução na centralidade. Além disso, em relação à dependência do plano de eventos, a estrutura de duplo pico no away-side evolui para um pico único à medida que o ângulo azimutal das partículas gatilho se move do plano para o da direção fora do plano de eventos. Também foi mostrado que a estrutura resultante do away-side pode ser sensível ao esquema detalhado pelo método ZYAM, particularmente, a subtração do terceiro coeficiente harmônico. Por último, mas não menos importante, a magnitude da correlação diminuiu com o aumento do momento transversal das partículas associadas. Nossas análises apresentaram um acordo razoável com os dados experimentais publicados pela colaboração PHENIX e STAR do RHIC / The physical phenomena involved in relativistic heavy-ion collisions were studied using a hydrodynamic code, NeXSPheRIO, with event-by-event fluctuating initial conditions featured by high-energy longitudinal flux tubes. Analyses were carried out for hadron spectrum as a function of the transverse momentum by the calculations of particle distributions in seven collision centrality windows, according to the data published by the STAR Collaboration. Also, the collectivity of the nuclear matter formed during the collisions was investigated in terms of dihadron azimuthal correlations. The correlation structures were found to be dependent on the transverse momentum and centrality. They are attributed to the interplay between the centrality dependent background and the eventby-event multiplicity fluctuations. As a result, the observed correlations are featured by a double-peak in the away-side region that continuously change to a single peak under certain circumstances. In terms of the peripheral tube model, the background is dominated by the elliptic flow which increases with decreasing centrality. By numerical calculations, the anisotropy of the system is studied regarding the harmonic flow coefficients up to fourth order, in accordance with the existing RHIC data. The background anisotropy contributes to the dihadron correlations, and can be evaluated by the ZYAM method. After it is subtracted from the proper correlation yields, the resultant correlation structure is a function of centrality, event plane and transverse moment, in accordance with the data from the PHENIX and STAR Collaborations. It was shown that the double-peak structure in the away-side continually changes to a single peak as centrality decreases. In addition, concerning the event plane dependence, the double-peak structure in the away-side evolves into a single peak as the azimuthal angle of the trigger particles moves from the in-plane to the out-of-plane direction. It was also shown that the resultant away-side structure can be sensitive to the detailed schemes of the ZYAM method, particularly, to the subtraction of the third harmonic coefficient. Last but not least, the magnitude of the correlation was found to decrease with increasing transverse moment of the associated particles. Our analyses manifestly presented a reasonable agreement with the experimental data published by the PHENIX and STAR Collaborations

O objetivo desse trabalho é estudar aplicações da correspondência AdS/CFT na descrição de plasmas fortemente acoplados similares ao plasma de quarks e glúons (PQG) produzido em colisões de íons pesados no RHIC e no LHC. O projeto está articulado em duas partes. Inicialmente estudamos como alguns observáveis, como a taxa de produção de fótons e diléptons, são afetados por anisotropias espaciais presentes no plasma. Isso é importante porque o PQG produzido em experimentos do mundo real tipicamente começa em configurações de alta anisotropia, que depois evoluem para configurações isotrópicas. Para modelar a anisotropia a acoplamento forte fizemos uso de uma solução de buraco negro de supergravidade do tipo IIB encontrada recentemente em arXiv:1105.3472/hep-th. Como segunda direção de pesquisa e novamente focando em aplicações da correspondência AdS/CFT na descrição do PQG, investigamos teorias de gravidade de Lovelock, que são generalizações naturais da teoria de relatividade geral de Einstein. Essas teorias contém termos com derivadas de ordem superior ao mesmo tempo que mantém equações do movimento de segunda ordem, e por isso constituem uma arena ideal para começar a entender como termos de derivada de ordem superior afetam vários observáveis físicos do plasma. / The aim of this work is to study applications of the AdS/CFT correspondence to strongly coupled plasmas similar to the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) produced in heavy ion collisions at RHIC and LHC. The project is articulated in two parts. Initially, we will study how some observables, such as photon and dilepton production rates, are affected by spatial anisotropies present in the plasma. This is important, since the QGP produced in real world experiments generically starts in highly anisotropic configurations, which later evolve towards isotropy. To model anisotropy at strong coupling we will make use of an anisotropic black hole solution of type IIB supergravity which has been recently obtained in arXiv:1105.3472/ hep-th. As a second direction of research and again focusing on applications of the AdS/CFT correspondence to the QGP, we will investigate Lovelock theories of gravity, which are natural generalizations of Einsteins general relativity. These theories contain higher derivative terms, while maintaining the equations of motion of second order, and constitute an ideal arena where to start understanding how higher derivative corrections affect various physical observables of the plasma.

Orientador: Jun Takahashi / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T21:22:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Chinellato_DavidDobrigkeit_D.pdf: 12088648 bytes, checksum: c79560f4593e813870fc0e788aadf075 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Neste trabalho, estudamos a produção de hádrons estranhos em colisões próton-próton (pp) a energias de (s)^(1/2)= 7 TeV medidas pelo experimento ALICE no acelerador LHC. São resentadas medidas inéditas das taxas de produção em rapidez central do méson (K) também dos bárions ?,? e O- e suas antipartículas correspondentes. As taxas totais de produção excedem significativamente as previsões de modelos que utilizam a Cromodinâmica Quântica Perturbativa (pQCD). Em particular, comparamos as medidas com previsões do simulador de eventos PYTHIA, onde é observado que as previsões concordam com as medidas apenas para momentos transversais (Pt) acima de 6- 7 GcV / c. Este resultado indica que os processos de primeira ordem não-nula implementados no PYTHIA estão bem ajustados, mas a implementação de um cálculo que descreva os dados em baixo Pt ainda é um problema em aberto. Os resultados aqui apresentados devem contribuir para melhorar o entendimento dos mecanismos de produção de partículas na região de baixo Pt¿ Colisões pp são também utilizadas como referência para colisões nucleares de diferentes multiplicidades no estudo da formação do Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP). Em particular, o aumento da produção de estranheza é considerado um importante observável do QGP. Neste contexto, estudamos a dependência da produção de partículas estranhas com a multiplicidade de partículas carregadas e comprovamos que não há indício de aumento da produção relativa de estranheza cm eventos pp. Isto é um importante resultado, pois complementa os estudos que consideram a possibilidade de formação de QGP em colisões pp / Abstract: In this work, we study the production of strange hadrons in proton-proton (pp) collisions at energies of (s)^(1/2)= 7 TeV measured by the ALICE experiment at the LHC. We present the first measurements of particle yields at central rapidities for the (K)meson as well as for the ?, ? e O- baryon and their antiparticles. Total particle production rates exceed predictions by models that use Perturbative Quantum Chromodynamics (pQCD). In particular, we compare our measurements to predictions by the PYTHIA event generator and find that predictions agree with data only at transverse momenta (Pt) higher than 6- 7 GeV / c. This result indicates that the leading order processes implemented in PYTHIA are well adjusted, but the implementation of a calculation that describes the data at low Pt is still an open issue. The results presented here should contribute to improve our understanding of particle production mechanisms at low Pt ¿ Proton-proton collisions are also used as a reference for nuclear collisions of different multiplicities in the study of Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP) formation. The increase of strangeness production is considered an important observable of the QGP. In this context, we study the dependence of strange particle production with charged particle multiplicity and find that there is no indication of an increase strangeness production rate in pp collisions. This is an important result that contributes to the studies that consider the possibility of QGP formation in pp collisions / Doutorado / Física / Doutor em Ciências