The investigation has been concerned with the application of the Baylis-Hillman methodology to the synthesis of quinoline derivatives. An extensive range of novel Baylis-Hillman products has been prepared, typically in moderate to excellent yields, by condensing 2-nitrobenzaldehyde derivatives with various vinyl ketones and acrylic esters in the presence of diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO). Reduction of the nitro group in the Baylis-Hillman products was effected by catalytic hydrogenation in ethanol using a 10% palladium-on-carbon catalyst to afford quinoline, quinoline-N-oxide and quinolone derivatives. In all cases, it is apparent that cyclisation involves exclusive attack of nucleophilic nitrogen at the carbonyl centre, with acrylic ester derivatives affording quinolones and vinyl ketone derivatives affording quinolines and the corresponding quinoline-N-oxides. No products arising from a conjugate addition pathway were observed. The use of stannous chloride as an alternative reagent to effect reductive cyclisation of the Baylis-Hillman products has been explored, and found to favour the formation of 1,2- dihydroquinoline derivatives, with cyclisation occurring via a conjugate addition pathway. Isolation of the products, following work-up of the stannous chloride reactions, however, presented some difficulty. All compounds were characterised by spectroscopic (NMR and IR) and, where appropriate, elemental (high-resolution MS) analysis. Interconversion of the quinoline and quinoline-N-oxide derivatives has been explored and finally achieved in quantitative yields. Reduction of 2,3-dimethylquinoline-N-oxide to the corresponding quinoline was effected using phosphorus tribromide in DMF, and the reverse transformation with meta-chloroperbenzoic acid (MCPBA) in CHCl₃. Application of these methods to mixtures of 2,3-dimethylquinoline and its N-oxide has afforded, selectively, either the quinoline derivative or the corresponding N-oxide. / KMBT_363 / Adobe Acrobat 9.53 Paper Capture Plug-in

Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the Degree of Master of Technology: Chemistry, Durban University of Technology. 2014. / In this study, we report the synthesis of three quinolone bearing imidazole derivatives 2, 3 and 4 and two quinolone bearing BODIPY dyes 5 and 7. In the synthesis of 2, 3 and 4, the first step was the preparation of the starting compound 2-chloro-3-formyl quinoline (1); the Vilsmeier-Haack cyclisation protocol was used. Compound 1 was used with the appropriate diamine, together with POCl3 to produce 2, 3 and 4. These compounds were characterized by IR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR. In the synthesis of 5, compound 1 was used whilst 6 was used for the synthesis of 7. This was via. a one-pot synthesis using conventional reflux apparatus and Schlenk technique. These compounds were characterized by IR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR. Four other BODIPY dyes were also synthesized but their purification by column chromatography were unsuccessful. However a HPLC method was developed using 2 as a model; the best eluting solvent was 65 % methanol. After synthesis, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7 were used for spectroscopic studies by UV-visible and fluorescence spectroscopy. In the UV-visible studies, 2, 3 and 4 were dissolved, separately, in five solvent viz. ethanol, methanol, dichloromethane, chloroform and acetonitrile. The UV profile of each compound was obtained and the maximum absorbance was then used for fluorescence studies. In the fluorescence studies, all the compounds displayed a fluorescence nature when excited with the various wavelengths. The fluorescence properties, namely Stoke shift, quantum yield, life time, molar absorptivity and brightness, were investigated to establish the properties of each compound in all five solvent systems. The Stoke shift was evident in all compounds and the quantum yields were below one which indicates no other electron transfer mechanisms occurring. The results displayed a favorable response and this further lead to analysis of the synthesized compounds for it potential application as a chemosensor. Eight metal ions were used to investigate this property. All eight metal ions, when reacted with the synthesized compounds, as ligands, showed chemosensor properties, viz. photon induced electron transfer, inter-molecular charge transfer and fluorescence resonance electron transfer, as a quenching and enhancement of emission and excitation peaks were observed. The compounds were further investigated for its potential for its use as a photovoltaic cells. The energies of the compounds were obtained from the analyses of the reflectance and transmission spectra. It was found that the synthesized compounds displayed properties which were positive for its use as a photovoltaic cell. Biological analyses using molecular docking analyses and MTT assays were conducted to determine the use of these as an anti-cancer drug. Compounds 2 and 3 formed hydrogen bonds with GLU 25 and LEU 27, respectively with MDM2-p53 proteins. Following the molecular docking studies, the MTT assay was performed on all five synthesized compounds. The BODIPYs with the quinoline moieties demonstrated a reduction in the rate of A549 cell proliferation when compared to the imidazole and benzimidazoles; this was observed for compounds 5 and 7. Further, a comparison between imidazoles clearly shows that compounds 3 and 4 also decreased cell proliferation. In contrast compound 2 exhibited an increased rate of cell proliferation. The optical density of the control cell, is much higher that the plates for concentration 31.25 µg/ mL to 500 µg/ mL. However 2 cannot be discarded; this compound clearly shows that it possesses anti-hyperglycaemic properties and further studies are recommended.

Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Technology: Organic Chemistry, Durban University of Technology, 2011. / Malaria, the most prevalent parasitic disease, is considered a neglected disease owing to insufficient research and development in synthesis and therapy worldwide. Therapy failures are frequent and are due to a variety of factors such as the intrinsic characteristics of the disease, conditions of transmission, and the difficult control of spreading through tropical areas. Primary factors are the complexity of the parasite life cycle and the development of drug resistance. Another critical factor is the increasing number of immune-compromised patients that suffer from malaria and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infections. Most of the drugs currently available to treat malaria are quinoline derivatives modelled on the quinine molecule, found in the bark of Cinchona trees. Over the last 50 years the use of quinine has declined owing to the development of synthetic 4-aminoquinolines such as chloroquine. However, the malaria parasite is rapidly becoming resistant to the drugs currently available. Recently bisquinoline compounds were found more potent than chloroquine against both chloroquine-sensitive and resistant strains of malaria; this improved efficacy and prompted an increased interest in the design of these anti-malarial drugs. Although several synthetic methods are available to synthesise bisquinolines, we report the synthesis of bisquinolines from simple, readily available and cost- effective starting compounds. The synthesis was accomplished in four reaction steps using the Claisen condensation, Vilsmeir-Haack reaction, formation of a Schiff base and thermal cyclization, sequentially. We used a conventional energy source and microwave irradiation for the synthesis, wherever possible, of 2, 4-dichloro-3, 4'-biquinoline and 2, 4-dichloro-7'-methoxy-3, 4'-biquinoline. In the first step, 3-acyl-2, 4-dihydroxyquinoline is synthesised from an equimolar mixture of methyl-2-aminobenzoate and ethyl acetoacetate by microwave irradiation for 3 minutes; the yield is 90 % whereas by 6 hours refluxing the yield is 75 %. This is followed by the synthesis of 3-chloro-3-(2,4-dichloroquinolin-3yl) acrylaldehyde, by combining DMF and POCl3 at 00C to form the electrophile which reacts with 3-acyl-2,4-dihydroxyquinoline under microwave irradiation for 5 minutes; the yield is 65 % whereas by 6 hours refluxing the yield is 50 %. In the next step, several protocols to prepare a Schiff base 3-chloro-3-(2, 4-dichloroquinolin-3-yl) allylidene aniline are investigated with the best yield of 75% obtained by microwave irradiation for 5 minutes. Subsequently three aniline derivatives viz, 4-methoxyaniline, 4-chloroaniline and 4-methylaniline, are used as substrate to prepare 3-chloro-3-(2,4-dichloroquinolin-3-yl) allylidene-4-methoxyaniline, 3-chloro-3-(2 ,4-dichloroquinolin-3-yl) allylidene-4-methylaniline and 3-chloro-3-(2, 4-dichloroquinolin-3-yl) allylidene-4-chloro aniline at 68, 78 and 64 % yield, respectively. In the final step, 2, 4-dichloro-3, 4'-biquinoline is prepared; several methods were investigated, however, the best yield is 24 % which is obtained under alkaline conditions in the presence of K2CO3 and DMF by microwave irradiation for 10 minutes. The 2, 4-dichloro-7'-methoxy-3, 4'-biquinoline derivative is also prepared in 18 % yield under the same alkaline conditions. The outline of the total synthesis of bisquinoline is presented graphically below. / National Research Fund.

Le glycérol, principal coproduit de l’industrie du biodiesel (10% massique), représente un solvant et un réactif d’un grand intérêt pour la chimie verte. La déshydratation du glycérol en acroléine est une voie intéressante pour sa valorisation. En effet, cet aldéhyde constitue une molécule plate-forme pour de nombreuses applications. En revanche, il s’agit d’un produit instable, toxique et inflammable, ce qui rend sa manipulation et sa manutention particulièrement dangereuses. Cette difficulté peut être surmontée par une transformation in-situ de l’acroléine formée par déshydratation du glycérol, telle que la réaction de Skraup pour la synthèse de la quinoléine à partir du glycérol et de l’aniline. Le noyau quinoléique se trouve dans des alcaloïdes de plantes médicinales et constitue un composant structurel essentiel de nombreux produits pharmaceutiques. Vu l’intérêt de ces molécules, la réaction de Skraup pour la synthèse des quinoléines s’avère un choix intéressant. Cependant, cette réaction a souvent lieu dans des conditions dures, notamment en utilisant l’acide sulfurique comme solvant, en présence d’un agent oxydant souvent toxique, à hautes températures (T>150°C) pendant plusieurs heures.D’autre part, le chauffage par micro-ondes représente une technologie intéressante capable d’offrir un chauffage volumique efficace du milieu réactionnel, et de réduire les dépenses énergétiques du processus dues aux pertes thermiques et au temps de réaction relativement long. Cette technologie alternative, couplée à l’axe de valorisation du glycérol, représente une voie intéressante de développement pour la chimie verte, et pour l’intensification de procédés plus surs et durables. Dans ce contexte, Le travail présenté dans ce mémoire s’intéresse à la synthèse de quinoléines via la réaction de Skraup en utilisant une technologie alternative de chauffage : les micro-ondes. Une procédure expérimentale plus «verte» est mise au point. A l’échelle du laboratoire, un processus expérimental de synthèse des quinoléines via la réaction de Skraup a été mis au point. A partir de cette étude, l’intensification du procédé à l’échelle pilote a été réalisée. Un réacteur micro-ondes fonctionnant en batch et en continu a été conçu et installé. Le pilote développé permet d’étudier la réaction de Skraup dans les conditions de température et de pression nécessaires. / Glycerol, the main byproduct of the biodiesel industry (10% w/w), is a solvent and a reagent of great interest for green chemistry. Glycerol dehydration to acrolein is an interesting way for its valorization. Indeed, this aldehyde is a platform molecule for many applications. However, it is an unstable, flammable and toxic product, which makes its handling and storage particularly dangerous. This difficulty can be overcome by in-situ conversion of acrolein resulting from glycerol dehydration, such as Skraup reaction for quinoline synthesis starting from glycerol and aniline. Quinoline moiety is found in alkaloids medicinal plants and is an essential structural component of many pharmaceuticals. Since the importance of these molecules, Skraup reaction for the synthesis of quinolines is an interesting choice. However, this reaction requires often harsh conditions, by using sulfuric acid as solvent, in the presence of a toxic oxidizing agent, at high temperatures (T > 150 °C) for several hours.Moreover, microwave irradiation is an interesting technology for chemistry since it can heat homogeneously and quickly a reaction mixture, which can reduce process energy costs resulting from thermal losses and relatively long reaction time. This alternative technology, coupled with glycerol valorization axis, is an interesting development way for green chemistry, and for intensification of safer sustainable processes. In this context, this thesis focuses on the quinolines synthesis via Skraup reaction using an alternative heating technology: microwaves. A greener experimental procedure was developed. At laboratory scale, a greener experimental procedure for quinolines synthesis via Skraup reaction was proposed. On the basis of this investigation, the intensification of a microwave pilot scale apparatus was studied. A microwave reactor operating in batch and continuous conditions was designed and installed. The developed device allowed us to perform the Skraup reaction in the required temperature and pressure conditions.