This thesis has two objectives in the field of policy evaluation that recently received extensive attention from international science and technology community. First, an attempt is made to examine, in the Turkish context, the effects of public subsidies on private research and development (R&amp / D), selecting and implementing a suitable empirical methodology. Second, in the context of emerging economies, it aims to contribute to the existing impact analysis literature by providing an evaluation study for the period during which public incentives in business R&amp / D have gained momentum with increased resources for diversified policy measures in Turkey since 2004. In the dissertation, three quantitative studies examining the causal relations between direct public support and private R&amp / D are presented. The first study, which uses the Tobit model, indicates that receiving a subsidy is an important determinant of private R&amp / D intensity. In the second study, adopting the propensity score matching and difference-in-differences methods and using a panel dataset, effectiveness of receiving a grant from the TUBITAK industrial R&amp / D support program is examined. The results indicate program-induced input additionality in (i) R&amp / D personnel, (ii) R&amp / D intensity and (iii) R&amp / D expenditure per employee of the beneficiary firms during 2004-2006. The analysis with the propensity score matching using the data from Turkish Community Innovation Survey 2006 is repeated and similar results are obtained. The results validate that engagement in public R&amp / D programs in Turkey is beneficial for private R&amp / D. Sufficient evidence was obtained to conclude that TUBITAK&rsquo / s industrial R&amp / D project support program has encouraged most private firms to increase their R&amp / D spending and R&amp / D personnel in the period of 2003-2006.

This thesis assesses how technology policy, R&amp / D activities and innovativeness interact to yield higher economic performance in Turkish manufacturing industries. The first aim of this thesis is to analyze the role of R&amp / D support programs as one of the instruments of technology policy on the demand for researchers. We evaluated the impact of R&amp / D support receiving on the demand for researchers by estimating a two stage treatment effect model that solves the problem of selection bias and found that receiving R&amp / D support encourages firms to demand more researchers. The second aim of this thesis is to analyze the determinants of generating product and process innovations. We evaluated the determinants of generating product and process innovations by estimating a bivariate probit model and found that the determinants of generating product and process innovations were related but they varied with the technological level and opportunity of the industry. The last aim of this thesis is to analyze the effect of product and process innovations on employment. We hypothesized that these two types of innovations have different impacts on employment and test this hypothesis by estimating two different econometric models: the first one is a treatment effect model controlling for the endogeneity of innovations and the second one is a selection model that controls for survival status of the firm. We found that the impact of product innovations on the employment growth rate is negative and the impact of process innovations on the employment growth rate is positive regardless of technology level of industries.

Abstract This dissertation investigates the use of management accounting and control systems in R&D intensive firms in different organizational life-cycle stages. The thesis consists of four essays focusing on two categories of management accounting and control systems: capital budgeting decisions and management control systems. First, we investigate the evaluation and financing of investment projects in R&D intensive firms. Second, we moreover investigate how R&D intensive firms themselves use management control systems and how investors control their investments in R&D intensive target firms. The survey method within a contingency framework is used in the first three essays while the last essay represents the case study method. However, the dissertation as a whole is based on two main contexts, i.e. the organizational life-cycle and the field of high technology. The results indicate that more sophisticated capital budgeting methods are used in large-sized R&D intensive firms while small-sized firms are not so likely to use these methods. The results indicate that firms understand the nature of R&D investment on the level of strategic management, because they have adopted strategic management tools in order to achieve better financial performance. We conclude that high R&D intensity plays an important role in management accounting, suggesting that large-sized high R&D intensity firms take note of special characteristics of R&D investments when taking strategic capital budgeting decisions. The comparison of the growth and revival stages extends the earlier life-cycle literature indicating that the information produced by management accounting and control systems is at least as important in the revival firm as it is during the first growth stage.

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The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey is the major academic research management and funding agency in Turkey. As a policy-maker, the council has undertaken very important responsibility in designing a science and technology policy of Turkey. By means of impact analysis, evaluating the ongoing research support programmes is important for designing more effective ones. However, impact of academic research are widely disseminated, journal articles being published and cited, number of academic staff involved in the supported projects, patents, and prototypes could be used as an evaluation instrument for impact analysis. In this study first time, we have figured out the social benefits (in 2008 TL fixed prices) of academic research projects, specifically physics academic research projects that were supported during 1998-2008 by T&Uuml / BiTAK. Return of funds of T&Uuml / BiTAK supported physics projects during 2005-2008 was calculated as 142%, when rate of return was taken 28%.

By definition, all projects are unique / however R&amp / D projects have specific characteristics that make them harder to manage. The project management methodology applied to R&amp / D projects may show differences due to the categorization of them. But if there exists a categorization of projects, one can analyze the properties of the project classes and then manage similar projects similarly. In this study, the R&amp / D projects of a main military electronics company of Turkey, are analyzed. Tun&ccedil / (2004) has developed a methodology for clustering the projects of this electronics company. Continuing from his studies, a methodology for determining the class of a new project of this electronics company is developed. For defining the projects in a project space, a Project Identification Card (PIC) is developed. The measurement scale of the PIC is constructed by using the absolutemeasurement Analytic Hierarchy Process. A clustering Tabu Search algorithm is generated for using in the sensitivity analyses of the clusters to projects. And a methodology for determining the cluster of a new project is developed.