Respirable coal mine dust (RCMD) still poses serious occupational health hazards to coal miners and can lead to incurable lung diseases such as coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP, also referred to as "black lung"). Further, CWP can develop into a more severe form known as progressive massive fibrosis (PMF). There has been a resurgence of PMF since the late 1990s. Coal miners are also exposed to crystalline silica, which can lead to a lung disease known as silicosis. While coal mining related disease is on the rise, the historic dust monitoring data does not indicate such a striking resurgence. As a result, there has been an increased interest in research surrounding RCMD to understand exposure as well as prevent health effects. Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) is a powerful tool that can analyze RCMD on a particle-level. The images produced by the SEM can size and characterize morphology of micron and submicron-sized particles. In addition, the EDX can determine elemental content, which can be used to infer mineralogy. However, particle classification can be impacted by interferences due to particle loading density (PLD) and agglomeration. PLD refers to the number of particles per unit area of substrate, while agglomeration describes clustered or overlapping particles. This thesis includes two studies aimed at exploring the effects of both PLD and agglomeration on SEM-EDX analysis. Study 1 includes an investigation into the effect of PLD on RCMD classification by SEM-EDX analysis. Dust recovered from the sample parent filters under low and high PLD conditions were used to isolate the effect of PLD. The comparison between the low and high PLD filters was then used to establish modified classification criteria to correct for high PLD. When the modified criteria were then applied to RCMD particles analyzed direct-on-filter, minimal change was observed in the apparent mineralogy distributions for most samples. These results suggest that particle agglomeration may have substantial effects on the particle classification of respirable dust analyzed direct-on-filter. Study 2 includes an investigation into the effect of particle agglomeration on RCMD by SEM-EDX analysis. Automated and manual SEM-EDX analysis was performed on paired filters collected from a parent filter. The manual analysis targeted respirable silica containing agglomerates. Each pair consisted of a filter analyzed directly and a filter that underwent a recovery process to deposit dust particles onto a new filter. The mineralogy distributions from the automated analysis suggest that agglomeration affects sizing and particle classification. Based on the manual analysis, there was an apparent increase in independent silica and a decrease in respirable silica-containing agglomerates after the recovery process. A limited collection of passive samples revealed more agglomerates than on the filters that were collected using a pump and size-selector cyclone. The work in this thesis is relevant to the research efforts aimed at the resurgence of coal mining related lung diseases, as the use of SEM-EDX can characterize RCMD by geographic region, geology, and location within a mine. Future work in this area of study might look at methods to estimate PLD in the field, other dust recovery methods, and a comparison of sampling methods. / Master of Science / Respirable coal mine dust (RCMD) still poses serious occupational health hazards to coal miners and can lead to incurable lung diseases such as coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP, also referred to as "black lung"). Further, CWP can develop into a more severe form known as progressive massive fibrosis (PMF). There has been a resurgence of PMF since the late 1990s. Coal miners are also exposed to crystalline silica, which can lead to a lung disease known as silicosis. While coal mining related disease is on the rise, the historic dust monitoring data does not indicate such a striking resurgence. As a result, there has been an increased interest in research surrounding RCMD to understand exposure as well as prevent health effects. Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) is a powerful tool that can analyze RCMD on a particle-level. SEM-EDX analysis can provide data on the size and elemental content of individual particles. The elemental content of each particle can be used to infer the mineralogy. However, the effectiveness of SEM-EDX analysis is dependent on sample conditions. Interference can occur if the samples are loaded with too many particles close together or clustered particles. In Study 1, a modified classification criteria to correct for overloading was created by using a dataset that consisted of paired filters with ideal loading and overloading. The modified criteria were applied to a second dataset, resulting in minimal change on the filters analyzed directly indicating that clustered particles may be present. Study 2 utilized automated and manual SEM-EDX analysis on paired filters, one filter was analyzed directly, and the other filter was dispersed using a recovery method. The automated results suggest that clustered particles can affect the sizing and particle classification. The manual analysis, which looked at clusters containing silica, revealed that less clusters were present on the filters that underwent the recovery process. A collection of passive samples exhibited more clustered particles compared to direct filters collected using a pump and size-selector. These findings are relevant to the research efforts aimed at the resurgence of coal mining related lung diseases, as the use of SEM-EDX analysis can characterize RCMD by geographic region, geology, and location within a mine.

Inhalation of respirable dust in coal mines is a serious occupational health hazard which can lead to the development of chronic and irreversible lung diseases, such as Coal Worker's Pneumoconiosis (CWP) and Progressive Massive fibrosis (PMF). After the passage of the Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act (CMHSA) in the late 1960's the prevalence of CWP among US coal miners decreased. However, since the late 1990's a resurgence of lung diseases has been reported, particularly in central Appalachia. On the other hand, dust monitoring data suggest that concentrations of respirable coal mine dust (RCMD) and crystalline silica have been on a downward trend. This contradiction has prompted keen interest in detailed characterization of RCMD to shed light on dust constituents-and their sources. Such information might help miners understand where and under what conditions specific sources contribute to RCMD, and how dust controls and monitoring could be enhanced to mitigate the exposure to respirable hazards. Respirable dust particles generated in coal mines are generally associated with three primary sources: the coal strata that is mined and generates mostly coal particles that could contribute for lung diseases, the rock strata that is cut along with the coal and generates most of the respirable silica and silicates, and the rock dust products that are the main source of carbonates which could produce respiratory irritations. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) is one of many analytical tools that might be used for dust characterization. Its primary benefit is that it can be used to apportion the total sample mass into three mass fractions (i.e., coal, carbonates, non-carbonates) which should be roughly associated with the primary dust sources (i.e., coal strata, rock dust products, rock strata) in many coal mines. This thesis consists of two main chapters: Chapter 1, outlines the research motivation, recaps the efforts to establish a standard TGA method for RCMD, and shows results of the validation experiments that were performed in the current work to enable application of the TGA method to a large set of RCMD and laboratory-generated dust samples. In Chapter 2, 46 lab-generated samples from primary dust source materials collected in 15 coal mines, and 129 respirable dust samples from 23 US coal mines are analyzed using the TGA method validated in Chapter 1. Results for both sets of samples are presented and the mine samples are interpreted based on sampling location, mining method and region. Additionally, Chapter 3 summarizes recommendations for future work. / Master of Science / The chronic exposure to dust generated in underground coal operations represents a serious health concern among coal miners that can lead to the development of lung diseases such as Coal Workers Pneumoconiosis (CWP or "black lung). Despite of dust compliance monitoring data that have shown that the concentrations of dust have been declining, since the late 1990's the number of US coal miners diagnosed with lung diseases has been increasing, especially in central Appalachia. This contradiction has prompted keen interest in detailed characterization of respirable coal mine dust (RCMD) to shed light on dust constituents-and their sources. Such information might help miners understand where and under what conditions specific sources contribute to RCMD, and how dust controls and monitoring could be enhanced to mitigate the exposure to respirable hazards. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) has been proposed as an alternative approach for dust characterization. Its primary benefit is that it can be used to apportion the total sample mass into three mass fractions (i.e., coal, carbonates, non-carbonates) which should be roughly associated with the primary dust sources (i.e., coal strata, rock dust products, rock strata) in many coal mines. This thesis consists of two main chapters: Chapter 1, outlines the research motivation, recaps the efforts to establish a standard TGA method for RCMD, and shows results of the validation experiments that were performed in the current work to enable application of the TGA method to a large set of RCMD and laboratory-generated dust samples. In Chapter 2, 46 lab-generated samples from primary dust source materials collected in 15 coal mines, and 129 respirable dust samples from 23 US coal mines are analyzed using the TGA method validated in Chapter 1. Results for both sets of samples are presented and the mine samples are interpreted based on sampling location, mining method and region. Additionally, Chapter 3 summarizes recommendations for future work.

In coal mines, workers can be exposed to respirable coal mine dust (RCMD) in conjunction with respirable crystalline silica (RCS). Overexposure can pose serious health risks, including development of coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP) (also known as "black lung"). CWP has the potential to progress to a more consequential form known as progressive massive fibrosis (PMF), for which a dramatic resurgence has been observed among US miners since the early 2000's. Recent rules promulgated by the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) have lowered the permissible exposure limit (PEL) of RCMD and RCS, but the nuances of dust monitoring are complicated. For RCMD, frequent monitoring is required using the continuous personal dust monitor (CPDM), which enables real time data—but the physical sample collected by the CPDM cannot currently be used for RCS analysis. For RCS monitoring, filter samples are still collected with the traditional coal mine dust personal sampling unit (CMDPSU)—but the standard RCS analysis must be done in a centralized lab and there is considerable lag time between sampling and data availability. To enable rapid RCS analysis of filter samples, NIOSH has developed a direct-on-filter (DOF) Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy method for use with CMDPSU filter samples. It can be performed in the field with a portable instrument. NIOSH has also developed a compatible software called the Field Analysis of Silica Tool (FAST), which simplifies processing of the FTIR spectral data to yield RCS mass results. While not allowed to demonstrate regulatory compliance with the RCS PEL, this method could be quite useful for routine non-regulatory monitoring (e.g., to support research or engineering studies). However, adoption of the method may hinge on a variety of factors such as costs, ease-of-use, and the usability and reliability of generated data. This thesis reports a field study designed to demonstrate how the DOF FTIR method (with FAST) might be used by mines with relatively low-cost, off-the-shelf sampling components for the CMDPSU. The field study also demonstrates how the percentage of RCS in RCMD (in addition to RCS mass) can be estimated by simply pairing a CPDM with the CMDPSU during sampling. Understanding RCS percentage may be important for a variety of research or engineering applications. While the DOF FTIR method can work well for CMDPSU samples, it is recognized that RCS analysis of CPDM samples would be ideal. However, the materials and construction of the filter assembly used by the CPDM is not conducive to DOF analysis. As part of an effort to develop a simple method for CPDM sample recovery, redeposition, and analysis by FTIR, the second study in this thesis focused on establishing the recovery procedure—and corrections to account for sample mass and RCS content attributed to any residue sourced from the CPDM filter assembly itself. Using blank CPDM filters and blank CPDM filters spiked with well characterized respirable dust, results show that the mass and RCS content of the CPDM residue may be quite small. Moreover, using field CPDM samples, results show that dust recovery can be quite high. Taken together, these are promising findings and suggest that a method for RCS analysis of CPDM samples is possible. / Master of Science / In coal mines, workers can be exposed to respirable coal mine dust (RCMD) in conjunction with respirable crystalline silica (RCS). Overexposure can pose serious health risks, including development of coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP) (also known as "black lung"). CWP has the potential to progress to a more consequential form known as progressive massive fibrosis (PMF), for which a dramatic resurgence has been observed among US miners since the early 2000's. There have been rules and regulations set by the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) to lower the permissible exposure limits of RCMD and RCS, however dust monitoring can be complicated. RCMD is monitored in real-time using a continuous personal dust monitor (CPDM) by mine operators, but it cannot be currently used to monitor RCS. RCS is monitored using filter sample from a traditional coal mine dust personal sampling unit (CMDPSU), with there being a delay to obtain results due to lab analysis time. To enable rapid RCS analysis of filter samples, NIOSH has developed a direct-on-filter (DOF) Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy method for use with CMDPSU filter samples. It can be performed in the field with a portable instrument. NIOSH has also developed a compatible software called the Field Analysis of Silica Tool (FAST), which simplifies processing of the data to determine RCS results. The first study of this thesis demonstrates the use of portable FTIR with FAST to determine RCS masses and concentrations using affordable sampling equipment. Additionally, the study shows how the RCS percentages were estimated with paired CPDMs and CMDPSUs. Though the method used in the first study works with samples from CMDPSUs, it would be ideal for the analysis to work with samples from CPDMs since they are the prominent type of sampling equipment at coal mines. However, the materials that make-up the CPDM filters interfere with DOF FTIR analysis methods and as a result, cannot be directly used. The second part of this study provides a CPDM sample recovery, redeposition, and analysis procedure. RCS data was determined from CPDM filters with different dust sources. Using blank CPDM filters, potential interference was also corrected in the dust laden samples. From the findings of the study, it suggests that the use of CPDM samples for RCS analysis is possible as there was good dust recovery and little CPDM filter material interference in the analysis.