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É apresentada uma teoria de reações que inclui consistentemente a formação e o decaimento das Ressonâncias Multipolares Gigantes. Achamos uma expressão teórica para parâmetros de mistura, dependentes da energia, que regem os diferentes tipos de decaimento. A formulação é aplicada à reação ANTPOT. 208 Pb(,n) e são obtidas estimativas para as larguras de decaimento semi-direto, / We present a theory of reactions wich includes consistently the formation and decay of Giant Multipole Resonances. We find an energy dependent theoretical expression for the mixture parameters which govern the different types of decay. The formulation is applied to the reaction 208 Pb(,n) and we obtain estimates for the semi-direct widths for the first five states of ANTPOT 207 Pb.

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重離子核聚變是一種能源技術，它有可能為人類未來提供無限的潔淨能源。通過高能粒子撞擊含高濃度氘和氚的目標，從而產生強大的壓縮衝擊波，最終引發氘和氚核子聚變並釋放出巨大核能。在過去的幾十年裡，從離子注入到核反應控制技術，以至於整個重離子核聚變的基本概念都得到迅速的發展。其中一個重要的核聚變條件就是要求非常低的離子束的縱向發射度。 / 在論文的第一部分，我們研發了一種TSC 技術，它可以減少因粒子加速器的電壓變化而引起的縱向發射度增長。通過數值模擬，結果表明離子束的縱向發射度得到了約89% 的降低。如果把TSC 技術應用於重離子核聚變，離子束的縱向發射度就可以有效地被降低，從而促進更高效的核聚變反應。在論文的第二部分，我們以離子束的電流信號分析為基礎，研發了一種非干擾性的離子束能量測量方法。對於傳統干擾性的離子束能量測量，這種強調非干擾性的測量方法對未來重離子核聚變實驗以及高能粒子加速器研發都有實質的應用價值。在論文的第三部分，我們從NDCX 實驗數據分析中，證實離子束的電流信號能夠有效地揭示離子束微弱的能量變化。這個實驗結果相應肯定了論文第二部分的電流信號分析處理方法。在論文的第四部分，我們模擬在真實的NDCX 環境下測試TSC 技術。模擬結果表明TSC 技術可有效地把離子束的縱向發射度減少近89% ，從而證明了TSC 技術在實際應用中的能力。在論文的最後部分，我們在強電流離子束的一維波動行為中引入橫縱向稱合分析，解釋了一維波動行為與數值模擬結果之間的細小偏差。 / Heavy Ion Fusion (HIF) is a technology that has the potential to provide an unlimited source of clean energy for human future. HIF works by shooting at a capsule containing Deuterium and Tritium with energetic heavy ion beams such that the huge amount of kinetic energy carried by the ions is converted into strong compression shock waves. DT fuel is then compressed to form a high temperature and high density hotspot at the center of the capsule, thus igniting nuclear fusion between Deuterium and Tritium. Over the past few decades, the fundamental concepts of HIF had been tested in scaled ex¬periments from the source injection to the reaction chamber. To achieve the highest performance of ignition, ion beams with low longitudinal emittance is demanded. / In the first part of the thesis, we developed a novel Two-Step Correction (TSC) technique to reduce the growth of longitudinal emittance in an induc¬tion linac driver caused by variations in acceleration gap voltages. Through numerical studies, we achieved a reduction of longitudinal emittance by about 89% for high perveance ion beams. As a spinoff from the formalism developed in this study, we developed in the second part of the thesis a new non-invasive approach for the measurement of ion beam energy. The proposed diagnostics may have practical utility for future HIF experiments, particularly as higher energy accelerators are developed. It works by a generalized time-of-flight method, using two adjacent beam current signals to reconstruct the beam velocity profile. In the third part of the thesis, we verified that beam current signals are capable to reveal small beam energy variations by an NDCX-I experiment performed at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The result of this experiment confirms the formalism of the new non-invasive approach for the ion beam energy determination based on beam current signal analysis. In order to verify the effectiveness of TSC in real drivers, we proposed a new NDCX-I experiment in the fourth part of the thesis to test the limitations and performance of the correction technique in real environment. Through simulations with real driver features considered, a reduction of 89% of longitudinal emittance was observed, which confirms the ability of TSC in real applications. In the last part of the thesis, we revealed the limitation of the 1-D cold fluid model deployed in our analysis of space-charge waves for high perveance ion beams. We showed that inaccuracies are caused by transverse-longitudinal coupling which could be included in the wave equation for space-charge dominated beams. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Woo, Ka Ming = 抑制由粒子加速器的電壓變化所引起的縱向發射度 / 胡家明. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 153-156). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Woo, Ka Ming = Yi zhi you li zi jia su qi de dian ya bian hua suo yin qi de zong xiang fa she du / Hu Jiaming. / Abstract --- p.ii / 概論 --- p.iv / Acknowledgement --- p.v / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 2 --- Background --- p.4 / Chapter 2.1 --- Highlight --- p.4 / Chapter 2.2 --- Introduction to fusion energy --- p.4 / Chapter 2.3 --- Fusion technology --- p.5 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Magnetic confinement fusions --- p.5 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Inertial confinement fusions --- p.7 / Chapter 2.4 --- Inertia confinement fusion --- p.9 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Principle of ICF --- p.9 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Implosion dynamics --- p.11 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Rayleigh-Taylor instability --- p.13 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Fast ignition --- p.14 / Chapter 2.5 --- Heavy Ion Fusion --- p.16 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Comparison between laser and heavy ion driven fusions --- p.16 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Linear Induction Accelerator --- p.18 / Chapter 2.6 --- Operation of a HIF driver --- p.20 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- Source injection --- p.20 / Chapter 2.6.2 --- Transport of ion beams --- p.21 / Chapter 2.6.3 --- Acceleration of ion beams --- p.22 / Chapter 2.6.4 --- Neutralized drift longitudinal compression --- p.24 / Chapter 2.6.5 --- Target chamber --- p.25 / Chapter 2.7 --- Transverse beam dynamics --- p.26 / Chapter 2.7.1 --- Beam envelope equation --- p.26 / Chapter 2.7.2 --- Matched beams solutions --- p.29 / Chapter 2.8 --- Longitudinal beam dynamics --- p.30 / Chapter 2.8.1 --- Cold plasma model --- p.30 / Chapter 2.8.2 --- Self longitudinal electric field --- p.32 / Chapter 2.8.3 --- Longitudinal emittance --- p.34 / Chapter 2.9 --- Intense ion beam simulation --- p.35 / Chapter 2.9.1 --- Particle-In-Cell method --- p.35 / Chapter 2.9.2 --- WARP code --- p.36 / Chapter 2.10 --- Conclusion --- p.37 / Chapter 3 --- Techniques for correcting velocity and density fluctuations of ion beams --- p.39 / Chapter 3.1 --- Highlight --- p.39 / Chapter 3.2 --- The quest for short-pulse length ion beams --- p.40 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Applications of short-pulse ion beams --- p.40 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Consequence of the growth of longitudinal emittance --- p.41 / Chapter 3.3 --- Effect of gap voltage variation on εzn --- p.42 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Description of simulation scenario --- p.42 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- The coasting of an unperturbed ion beam and a velocitytilt beam --- p.43 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Effect of many constant voltage gaps --- p.44 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Effect of non-uniform voltage gap --- p.46 / Chapter 3.4 --- One-step correction --- p.48 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Criteria for the one-step correction --- p.52 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Space-charge dominated beams --- p.55 / Chapter 3.5 --- Two-step correction --- p.56 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Principle of two-step correction --- p.56 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Result of two-step correction --- p.59 / Chapter 3.6 --- Conclusion --- p.62 / Chapter 4 --- A new non-invasive approach for the measurement of ion beam energy --- p.63 / Chapter 4.1 --- Highlight --- p.63 / Chapter 4.2 --- Introduction --- p.64 / Chapter 4.3 --- Derivation of the ion beam energy based on two current signals --- p.65 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Obtaining the time evolution of the beam current --- p.65 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Deriving the beam energy profile --- p.67 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Obtaining the average velocity --- p.70 / Chapter 4.4 --- Checking the beam energy profile with 3-D PIC simulations --- p.72 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Determination of the average velocity --- p.73 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Computation of the beam energy profile --- p.74 / Chapter 4.5 --- Signal magnification --- p.74 / Chapter 4.6 --- Error propagations --- p.77 / Chapter 4.7 --- Conclusion --- p.81 / Chapter 5 --- Experimental verification of the beam current signal amplification --- p.83 / Chapter 5.1 --- Highlight --- p.83 / Chapter 5.2 --- Introduction to NDCX-I --- p.84 / Chapter 5.3 --- Design of the NDCX-I experiment --- p.88 / Chapter 5.4 --- Voltage profiles applied at the source plate --- p.90 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Marx voltage profile --- p.90 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Voltage modulation --- p.91 / Chapter 5.5 --- Signal amplification of beam currents measured at the Faraday cup --- p.92 / Chapter 5.6 --- Modeling of the space-charge wave propagation --- p.94 / Chapter 5.6.1 --- Solving for the line-charge density profile at the source plate --- p.94 / Chapter 5.6.2 --- Procedure of space-charge wave modeling --- p.99 / Chapter 5.7 --- Conclusion --- p.101 / Chapter 6 --- Implementation of Two-Step Correction in NDCX-I --- p.103 / Chapter 6.1 --- Highlight --- p.103 / Chapter 6.2 --- Application of the current signal analysis to the Two-Step Correction --- p.104 / Chapter 6.3 --- Proposal of the new NDCX-I experiment --- p.107 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- Design of the beamline --- p.107 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- Description of the simulation scenario --- p.110 / Chapter 6.3.3 --- Result of the Two-Step Correction simulation --- p.114 / Chapter 6.4 --- Conclusion --- p.126 / Chapter 7 --- Transverse-Longitudinal coupling in the wave equation --- p.128 / Chapter 7.1 --- Highlight --- p.128 / Chapter 7.2 --- Phenomenological study of residue --- p.129 / Chapter 7.2.1 --- Description of the simulation scenario --- p.129 / Chapter 7.2.2 --- Modeling of the velocity wave --- p.131 / Chapter 7.2.3 --- Phenomenon of residue --- p.133 / Chapter 7.3 --- Review of the space-charge wave equation --- p.141 / Chapter 7.3.1 --- Fluid description of ion beams --- p.141 / Chapter 7.3.2 --- Beam envelope perturbation --- p.145 / Chapter 7.4 --- Conclusion --- p.149 / Chapter 8 --- Conclusion --- p.150 / Bibliography --- p.153

Chan Tian Wen. / "July 2003." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 174-181). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chan Tian Wen.

Lee, Kwun Yan = 腔量子電動力學模型中光子-原子集體相互作用 / 李冠昕. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 81-86). / Text in English; abstracts in English and Chinese. / Lee, Kwun Yan = Qiang liang zi dian dong li xue mo xing zhong guang zi-yuan zi ji ti xiang hu zuo yong / Li Guanxin. / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 2 --- Basic description of cavity QED systems --- p.4 / Chapter 2.1 --- Mode functions --- p.4 / Chapter 2.2 --- Quantization of electromagnetic fields --- p.7 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Generalized modes of photons --- p.8 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Cavity modes and dipole interactions --- p.10 / Chapter 2.3 --- Interaction models --- p.11 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Jaynes-Cummings model --- p.12 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Raman model (∧-type atoms) --- p.12 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Two-model interaction: X-like 4-level atoms --- p.14 / Chapter 3 --- Phot on-atom entanglement generated by AC Stark shift --- p.16 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.16 / Chapter 3.2 --- The model --- p.18 / Chapter 3.3 --- Evolution of states --- p.19 / Chapter 3.4 --- Schmidt analysis of entanglement --- p.21 / Chapter 3.5 --- Break time: Deviation from continuous approximation --- p.26 / Chapter 3.6 --- Fractional revival of entanglement --- p.29 / Chapter 3.7 --- Number-phase correlation --- p.29 / Chapter 3.8 --- Consideration of cavity field leakage: Input-output relation --- p.31 / Chapter 4 --- Dynamical modes in Dicke superradiance --- p.36 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.36 / Chapter 4.2 --- Spontaneous emission from a single atom --- p.38 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Free space problem --- p.39 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Leaky cavity problem --- p.40 / Chapter 4.3 --- Spontaneous emission for NA-atoms --- p.43 / Chapter 4.4 --- Dynamical mode formalism --- p.44 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Motivation --- p.44 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Optimal dynamic mode functions --- p.46 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Mode purity function --- p.48 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Two-time collective dipole correlation function --- p.48 / Chapter 4.5 --- Results --- p.51 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Two-atom case --- p.52 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Many atoms case: Fully excited systems --- p.52 / Chapter 4.5.3 --- Many atoms case: Halfly excited systems --- p.56 / Chapter 4.5.4 --- Many atoms case: NA ´ؤ δ excited systems --- p.57 / Chapter 4.6 --- Remarks on three-dimensional systems --- p.58 / Chapter 5 --- Single-mode treatment of Raman interaction inside a cavity --- p.61 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.61 / Chapter 5.2 --- The model and Hamiltonians --- p.63 / Chapter 5.3 --- A dominant dynamic field mode --- p.66 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Bosonization: Undepleted atom number approximation . --- p.66 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Bosonization: Inclusion of atom number depletion --- p.70 / Chapter 5.4 --- Single-mode interaction by time-dependent variational principle --- p.72 / Chapter 5.5 --- Photon-atom squeezing --- p.75 / Chapter 6 --- Conclusion --- p.78 / Bibliography --- p.81 / Chapter A --- Dicke states and spin coherent states --- p.87 / Chapter A.1 --- Dicke states --- p.87 / Chapter A.2 --- Spin coherent states --- p.90 / Chapter B --- Adiabatic elimination and AC Stark shift --- p.93 / Chapter B.1 --- 2-level system --- p.93 / Chapter B.2 --- Raman transition --- p.94 / Chapter C --- Derivation of Master equation --- p.98 / Chapter C.1 --- Dissipative quantum systems: The master equation approach --- p.98 / Chapter C.1.1 --- Born and Markov approximation --- p.99 / Chapter C.2 --- Master equation in collective spontaneous emissions --- p.103 / Chapter C.3 --- Analytical solution by Laplace transform --- p.106

Os espalhamentos elásticos e inelásticos e as reações de transferência de um, dois, três e quatro núcleos induzidas por íons ANTPOT.18 O no ANTPOT.28 Si foram estudados à energia incidente de 56 MeV (lab). Os espectros de energia destas reações foram obtidos com um contador a gás de dois estágios no plano focal de um espectrógrafo magnético Q3D. A resolução em energia obtida foi de aproximadamente 120 keV (FWHM). Parâmetros de modelo óptico foram obtidos com uma analise CCBA das distribuições angulares elásticas e inelásticas 2 POT.+ medidas. O ajuste dos dados foi obtido com um potencial óptico de absorção forte. No caso da transferência (ANTPOT.18 O, ANTPOT.17 O), foi obtido um bom acordo entre dados e os cálculos DWBA-EFR, usando parâmetros de modelo óptico derivados da analise do espalhamento elástico. Os fatores espectroscópicos dos estados do ANTPOT.29 Si extraídos são consistentes com aqueles obtidos em estudos com íons leves. Com exceção das reações (ANTPOT.18 O, ANTPOT.17 O), e (ANTPOT.18 O, ANTPOT.15 N), a analise DWBA-EFR das outras reações de transferência: (ANTPOT.18 O, ANTPOT.16 O), (ANTPOT.18 O, ANTPOT.20 Ne), (ANTPOT.18 O, ANTPOT.15 O), e (ANTPOT.18 O, ANTPOT.22 Ne), mostrou não ser possível obter um potencial óptico que descrevesse bem simultaneamente os dados de espalhamento elástico e de transferência. Os potenciais ópticos modificados obtidos pelo ajuste dos dados de transferência, não reproduzem os valores absolutos experimentais das seções de choque. No caso da reação (ANTPOT.18 O, ANTPOT.16 O), foi também realizada uma analise CCBA, resultando em fatores de normalização N SOBRE BARRA menores para os três níveis do ANTPOT.30 Si estudados, em comparação com os valores N SOBRE BARRA obtidos nos cálculos DWBA. / Elastic and inelastic scattering and one, two, three and four nucleon transfer reactions induced by ANTPOT.18 O on ANTPOT.28 Si at the bombarding energy of 56 MeV (lab) have been studied. The energy spectra of these reactions were obtained with a two-stage gas counter in the focal plane of a Q3D magnetic spectrograph. The energy resolution achieved was approximately 120 keV (FWHM). Optical model parameters were obtained by a CCBA analysis of the measured elastic and 2 POT.+ inelastic angular distributions. The fit to the data was obtained with a strongly absorbing optical potential. In the case of the one-neutron stripping transfer (ANTPOT.18 O, ANTPOT.17 O), good agreement was obtained between data and EFR-DWBA calculations using optical model parameters derived from the elastic data analysis. Spectroscopic factors for the ANTPOT.29 Si states were deduced, and are consistent with those obtained from light-ion studies. With the exception of the (ANTPOT.18 O, ANTPOT.17 O), and (ANTPOT.18 O, ANTPOT.15 N) reactions, the EFR-DWBA analysis of the other transfer reactions: (ANTPOT.18 O, ANTPOT.16 O), (ANTPOT.18 O, ANTPOT.20 Ne), (ANTPOT.18 O, ANTPOT.15 O), and (ANTPOT.18 O, ANTPOT.22 Ne), showed that it was not possible to find an optical potential providing simultaneously good description of the elastic and transfer data. The modified optical potentials obtained by fitting the transfer data do not reproduce the experimental absolute values of the cross sections. In the case of the (ANTPOT.18 O, ANTPOT.16 O) reactions, a CCBA analysis was also performed, resulting in smaller normalization factor N SOBRE BARRA for the three levels of ANTPOT.30 Si studied in comparation with the N SOBRE BARRA values obtained in the DWBA calculations.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Physics, 1971. / Vita. On t.p., "[rho]" appears as the lower case Greet letter. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 68-70). / An experiment was performed on the reaction y + A + A + p0 + A + [pi]+ + [pi]- the DESY 7.5 GeV electron synchrotron. Using a double arm magnetic spectrometer, approximately 106 dipion events were detected on thirteen complex nuclei covering a range from Beryllium to Uranium. The events were in a kinematic region defined by 20 intervals in dipion mass from 400 to 1000 MeV/c 2, 10 intervals in the po resonance momentum from 3.5 to 7 GeV/c, and 20 intervals in the transverse momentum transfer from 0.0 to -0.04 (GeV/c) . The data were corrected for systematic effects and differential cross-sections da/dndm(A,m,p,t) were extracted, revealing the predominant dynamical features of the data. Further analysis was carried out using current models for photoproduction and scattering on complex nuclei. The aim of this analysis, was to: 1) study nuclear density distributions by fitting the t-dependence of the cross-sections for each A to determine the nuclear radii seen by the po meson. 2) extract the absolute and relative forward po production cross-sections by fixing A, p, and t and studying the dipion spectrum as a function of invariant mass. This gives a determination of the po line-shape and background. 3) extract the po-nucleon cross-section apN and the y-p coupling constant y2 /4r. pN By studying the nuclear density p distributions and the A-dependence of the production cross-sections, one determines the rate of reabsorption of po by nuclear matter and the effective single-nucleon forward production cross-section Ifo12 and the two quantities above in a self-consistent manner. Results of the analysis are: ... Cross-sections and resonance parameters are detailed in the text. / by Gary Hilton Sanders. / Ph.D.

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