Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1962. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 125-129).

Thesis (M.Arch.)--University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print.

This paper uses theoretical frameworks from Critical Discourse Analysis to analyze articles from a South Korean English-print newspaper (the Korea Times), one humanitarian group's website (Liberty in North Korea), and an article in The Economist as examples of the two major discursive styles of representation(s) of North Korea and its people. In mapping the two major representations of North Korea and its people: 1) as "defectors" and 2) as "refugees," I examine the discursive themes employed in each of the three texts. I conclude by describing some of the implications of a discourse of defection and suggest that for future interactions with North Korea to be mutually fruitful, major English media sources must re-examine the terminology used and how it charges North Koreans with a political incentive that belies the underlying reasons for their displacement. Alternative representations and conceptions of North Korea should look to its people in order to see how they are representing themselves. In addition, international diplomacy and news media should learn about the history of relations between North and South Korea since the end of the Korean War in order to develop a culturally contextual representation of North Korea.

This paper examines the relation between internal migration and labour market outcomes among refugees in Sweden. Using longitudinal data, we find that refugees during their first nine years in Sweden migrate towards big cities and that migration within Sweden is: (i) more common among residents of smaller cities and especially rural areas; (ii) negatively related to marriage and children; (iii) positively related to unemployment and education; and (iv) most common in the first years after arrival. We can also conclude that internal migration alone does not improve the labour market situation for refugees in terms of income, whereas the chances for male refugees to obtain a job might increase. Integration signals, such as citizenship, seem to be of great importance for the refugee labour market integration.

No description available.

No abstract available. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 1933. / Historical and Heritage Studies / unrestricted

Refugee camps are an example of ‘post crisis’ rehabilitative systems, which vainly attempt to restore stability in a state of disaster (Azmara, 2012). Uprooted from their homes and thrust into volatile and unfamiliar surroundings, civil conflict and natural disasters have left millions of refugees around the world destitute in their host countries, stripped of their identity and humanity and left with only the clothes on their backs. Unlike in rural settlements, the urban settlement patterns of refugees in Johannesburg have demonstrated a unique gravitational shift from reliance on local government assistance to a strong and long standing affiliation with various religious fraternities in the urban centres. This has then resulted in the inquisitorial search of how well have these urban churches served the needs of the urban displaced communities? By opening up their church buildings to refugees as a place sanctity and solace, how has this spiritual affiliation effected the reception, protection and rehabilitation of psychologically and physically traumatized refugees and asylum seekers? Subsequently has Johannesburg as a city, made provision for the sheltering and protecting of refugees, should there ever again be a crisis of violent xenophobic turmoil in the city’s townships? This thesis seeks to explore the underlying differences between designing a post crisis emergency shelter and specifically developing a transitory sanctuary tailored for urban refugees. By merging the dissimilar approaches assumed by secular refugee aiding organisations and the religious fraternities, the design starts to illustrate the symbolic connection between refuge and solace; spirituality and rehabilitation, as well as making note of the harmonies that exist within humanitarian architecture and sacred architecture. By understanding these fundamental parallels, a premise is formed for the development of a unique and prototypical urban refugee centre, located in Hillbrow, at the heart of Johannesburg’s eclectic foreign national communities. The centre is comprised of several emergency relief facilities, rehabilitative programmes as well as an adaptive form of transitional accommodation all encompasses within a spiritual, yet nondenominational Christian church establishment; a gesture which serves to highlight the ‘curative’ relationship between the spirituality, architecture and the user.

MSc (Med), Bioethics and Health Law, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand / During my interaction with various healthcare professionals while pursuing my post graduate degree, it was evident that a number of them were uninformed about refugees‘ rights.1 There was a predominant misconception that refugees are a burden to South Africa‘s already-constrained health care resources. Some of the healthcare professionals that I spoke to pointed out that they would care for all patients regardless of whether they were refugees or not, because they felt that they had a moral obligation to do so and because professional ethics required them to do so. This was the motivation behind my research.2 As observed by Bilchitz (2005: 5), the term „right to health‟ is a shorthand expression for two elements; the right to health care and the right to a healthy environment. This research report focuses on the right to health which includes access to healthcare services as one of the components of the right to health. It is not oblivious of other related and interdependent rights and it is not in any way intended to undermine the importance of other rights to health. For the most part, I centre my research report in the context of South Africa. In line with the above, the research report recognises the fact that the obligation of the states under international law extends to non-state actors. However, this 1 A refugee is defined by the Department of Home Affairs South Africa (2009) as ―Anyone fleeing from individual persecution, human rights violations or armed conflict in the land of their origin‖. 2 In my further studies, I hope to compliment this research report with empirical research. 7 research is limited to the state‘s obligations within the public healthcare sector. The research report takes an entitlement approach because entitlement empowers refugees by: 1. It gives them a base on which to stand up for themselves and for all persons past and present who, in the face of persecution, have become refugees; and 2. It allows refugees to draw attention to and demand the satisfaction of their rights (Liebenberg 2006: 20; Williams 2005: 446);and 3. It uses the legal process in order to obtain the fulfilment of their needs (ibid: 33-34);and 4. It aids in the pursuit of social justice as Pieterse (2006: 447) puts it: ... by demanding the acceleration of structural reforms that would put an end to prevailing hardship and by creating a space for collective mobilisation around such structural reforms. Although in some instances the research report refers to provisions and studies conducted on foreigners,3 this study is mainly focused on refugees and asylum seekers. However some of issues affecting foreigners in general inadvertently affect refugees as well. Overall, my research looks at the general rights of refugees. It acknowledges that there are specific rights that apply to specific classes of refugees.4 Lastly, the use of 3 A ‗foreigner means an individual who is neither a citizen nor a resident.‘ ( see Yacoob J.‘s ruling in Lawyers for Human Rights v Minister of Home Affairs & Another CCT 18/03 4 These include women and children amongst others. See Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW 1979); Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC, 1989), in article 24 and related regional treaties. Also see s 28 of the RSA Constitution. 8 the term refugee in the study is intended for convenience and includes asylum seekers. The main thesis of the study is that states, as promoters and protectors of refugees‘ right to health, have an obligation to put in place all necessary measures that will aid refugees to full realisation of their right to access healthcare services.

No description available.

Almost one quarter of a million Belgians fled to England after the German invasion of Belgium in 1914. The largest contingent of refugees ever to come to England, their absorption into the host society was bound to be a complex process. The growth of anti-alien sentiment in Britain in the twentieth century has often been remarked, yet the Belgians were assimilated smoothly into the English community. They benefited at first from overwhelming public sympathy, and trade-unionist fears that they would provide a pool of cheap labour dissipated as the war economy created conditions of full employment. There was some anti-Belgian sentiment, but it never became organised or vociferous. The growth of antialienism during the Great War must be traced to hysteria about enemy aliens, spies and Bolsheviks. However, the needs of the Belgian government, British relief agencies and various branches of the British government led to a sophisticated system of regulations governing the refugees' movements. The Belgians were important in the development of the primitive system of aliens control established in 1905. Refugee relief was primarily the work of private charity. The government faced too many other tasks, the Poor Law was unpopular, and relief work provided an outlet for patriotic enthusiasm. Directed by one central body, the War Refugees Committee, several thousand local committees carried out the vast work of finding shelter, food, clothing and employment for the refugees and providing for many other needs. However, enthusiasm waned and the WRC's funds were never large. Accordingly, the government and the Committee were pushed into reluctant partnership, the WRC surrendering some of its independence in return for financial assistance. The government was slow to extend its control openly, fearing that voluntary effort would collapse. Until August 1916 the fiction was maintained that the WRC was autonomous, and even then the government made only a half-hearted attempt at direct control. The vigour of the relief movement demonstrates the strength of the philanthropic community in the early twentieth century. Philanthropy was the preserve of the upper and middle classes, a badge of rank, an assertion of social superiority, a form of self-imposed taxation. The WRC drew on the Charity Organisation Society's case work practices, maintained a healthy contempt for government officials, and prid~d itself on saving the nation vast amounts of money. However, the growing political importance of the working classes before and during the war, rising taxation and the war's economic effects on the upper classes affected the philanthropic public's morale. Wartime charity also suffered from chronic problems of overlapping effort, extravagance, inefficiency and fraud, and Belgian relief organisations led the way in demanding stricter control of war charities. Their efforts resulted in the War Charities Act of 1916. Gradually, many relief workers came to accept the need for direct government control as the only way of fairly distributing the burdens of relief. As a result of many pressures, the WRC, which had begun as a purely voluntary agency, ended as something like a government department: the philanthropists had become social workers. The story of the refugee relief movement suggests how the philanthropic community became part of the new system of social welfare in the twentieth century. This study is based on the Ministry of Health files in the Public Record Office, the Women's Work and War Refugees Collection in the Imperial War Museum, and the Herbert Gladstone Papers in the British Museum. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)