During the mid to late 1990's, nearly all HIV infected children admitted to South African paediatric intensive care units died. This was in the context of an increasing HIV epidemic in Sub-Saharan Africa, a limited number of intensive care beds in public hospitals and the South African government refusing to supply antiretroviral medication to public sector patients. HIV infected children all die without ARV medication, and it resulted in an increase in the South African under-5 mortality rate. In this context critically ill HIV infected children were often denied PICU admission. Developed countries introduced ARV medication in the early 1990's and the South African government only started supplying ARV medication in late 2003. When ARV medication became available in South Africa, it was started on the basis of the individual child's clinical and immunological status and there was not much published data on initiation of ARV therapy in critical ill children in intensive care units. Many HIV infected children had recurrent hospital admissions and many children died before initiating ARV medication. HIV infected children are not only susceptible to the normal bacteria and viruses, but at increased risk of opportunistic and mycobacterial infections. CMV has increasingly been recognized as a common co-infection with PCP, but has been difficult to diagnose and treat effectively. We retrospectively reviewed all HIV exposed and infected children admitted to our PICU in 2009. In addition to our standard treatment, we initiated ARV medication as soon as logistically possible and children with suspected CMV infections were empirically treated with gancyclovir.

Bibliography : leaves 122-145. / Investigations into the causes of postnatal depression are, with few exceptions, quantitative in nature. Although there are psychological, interpersonal and sociocultural perspectives on postnatal depression, the medical one dominates in terms of academic, professional and lay understandings of aetiology. The medical model has produced a plethora of investigations into the causes of postnatal depression but has paid little attention to the insights of women who have experienced the condition. This study sought to redress this by exploring the causes of post-natal depression from a women-centred perspective. A feminist approach to postnatal depression was adopted. This approach has evolved largely as a critique of the medical model and is grounded in a more qualitative tradition. Semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted with twenty women who had recovered from postnatal depression. Transcribed data from the interviews were thematically analysed to uncover the participants' attributed causes for their post-natal depression. A number of common themes emerged and could be broadly grouped under ""interpersonal factors"" (such as the impact of the woman's relationship with her own mother); ""psychological factors"" (such as the impact of unresolved issues and feelings of loss on the new mother) and ""biological factors"" (such as hormonal factors). The dominant theme that emerged from this study was that of ""motherhood"". Included under this heading were all those factors specifically associated with being a mother that were regarded by the women as being the cause of their postnatal depression (such as the experience of childbirth, breastfeeding and lack of sleep). At the core of this theme lay the realisation that motherhood was not what they had expected it to be. Their disappointment in not meeting their own expectations of motherhood contributed significantly to their postnatal depression. An interesting finding was that while many of the respondents located feelings of failure to live up to the ""ideal image"" of motherhood as a cause of their depression, few questioned the validity of the social construction of this ideal. This paper also examined the extent to which women's aetiological explanations resonate with existing models of post-natal depression. Their explanations were found to reflect some of the existing aetiological models of postnatal depression but no single model of explanation could be identified as the cause of their postnatal depression. Rather, women's attributions of cause were multi-layered and complex. They all attributed their depression following childbirth to a number of factors and they differed markedly from one another in their attributions. According to this research, postnatal depression results from a myriad of inter-related factors which interact with one another in different ways to produce a largely different picture for each and every woman. The limitations and contributions of this study are discussed.

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 137-151). / Given the amount of literature on Islam in South Africa, very little has been written about the roles of Muslim women and their contributions to the development of Islam in this country. In addition, there is a dearth of academic work on the ways in which Muslim women in South Africa identify themselves. Of the writing that does exist, there is an almost exclusive focus on a binary distinction between modern and traditional women, which limits the multiplicity of expressions available to these women. This thesis examines through the analysis of narratives, the diversity of experiences and the fluidity of subjectivities for Muslim women, without conforming to binary divisions for analysis. Instead, the range of identities and the shifting processes of gender constructions are prioritised.

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 109-113). / The focus of this research is to examine how teachers interpret and implement the curriculum in an English First Additional classroom. The three sub-questions are (1) what are the theories and aims behind the two prescribed theoretical approaches (the communicative language approach and the text-based approach) as set out in the National Curriculum Statement? (2) how do teachers understand, interpret and use these two approaches? (3) do teachers assist students to develop the appropriate abstract cognitive academic language that is specific for the discipline? This is an interpretive, qualitative study. The data were collected from 27th of July to the 17th of August 2009 in a township school in the Western Cape. To develop thick description and explanations on the findings, the research techniques used were classroom observation, discourse analysis and interviews. In order to avoid any natural bias, and to contribute to the credibility of the study, 'triangulation' was used. The three components were: an examination of the English First Additional Language National Curriculum Statement; classroom observation and interviews. Forty-four lessons of three teachers were observed and recorded, supplemented with detailed field-notes. (In the final analysis, only two teachers' lessons were closely examined as the limited space in this minor dissertation was not sufficient for the detail the analyses presented.) To broaden the perspective, the teachers were interviewed in order to understand their views, theories and experiences. The main tool used to investigate teachers' interpretation and implementation of the curriculum was classroom discourse analysis. This study describes how teachers in one township school interpret and implement the curriculum. The classroom observations showed how the practical realities of teaching were often at odds with what the teachers claimed they were doing when discussing the curriculum on a theoretical level. The tools of discourse analysis allowed for a detailed investigation of the teaching and learning taking place. It appears that the teachers revert to traditional methods and pedagogies with which they were taught and so are unaware of these discrepancies between their understanding of the curriculum and their practice. Teachers are dealing with challenging and complex realities in the class, including huge work load, continuous assessment of large classes and recent influxes of underprepared students from the Eastern Cape. While the teachers were experienced and passionate about their work, there were several features of their teaching that hindered effective implementation of the curriculum. Some of the main hindrances were a traditional initiation-responseevaluation/ feedback method; the use of chorusing in the class and a lack of full theoretical understanding of the prescribed pedagogies. The paper ends with recommendations for teacher professional development, focusing on theorised practice that could lead to better implementation of the curriculum.

This thesis provides a detailed investigation of the applicability of various economic models to the South African real sector. It has been written primarily for the statistician, and thus presentation of economic theory has been in a straightforward and, if possible, mathematical form. Chapter One provides an introduction to the application of econometric methods to economic model building. Chapters Two, Three and Four consider the theory and application of various economic models to the South African case. Chapter Five considers the relevance of money to the real sector.

Bibliography: leaves 163-173. / This thesis examines marital discord and dissolution within the Muslim community in the Western Cape. The writer contends that the rising incidence of divorce in a community may indicate underlying social upheaval especially within its family unit. Marriage and divorce reveal individual characteristics, faulty norms and disfuntionality that may be generalised to greater societal trends within a community. The aim of this study is to identify the main reasons and contributing factors that lead to divorce. Such data will assist in planning and supporting proactive communal programmes to reduce the high divorce rate in the community.

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 72-79). / The effects of violent video game play on hostility and support for violence are unclear. Previous studies have shown increases, decreases or no effect at all. At the time of the first study (2007) it was unclear if attitudes and opinions within a game persisted after game play. Also unknown was how long any such effects would last, and if they would be affected by using embodied versus conventional controls in the game. 3 experiments were run on university students to investigate these points. It was hypothesised that violent play would increase hostility and support for violence, and that these effects would be short term and increased by the use of embodied controls. Study 1 investigated whether attitudes and opinions persisted immediately after game play by having participants play either a nonviolent or violent version of a computer game and then measuring their support for violence. The hypothesis was tentatively supported in males, who showed higher support for violence in the violent version group. Study 2 aimed to pilot a behavioural measure of hostility to be used in Study 3 by having participants watch either a non-violent (non-violent group) or violent clip (violent group) before completing the behavioural measure and the violence questionnaire used in Study 1. The hypothesis was not well supported in that the attitudinal scores were almost equal. However, the expected trend occurred in the behavioural measure. Study 3 investigated how long the effects on hostility and support for violence would last, and if they were affected by the use of embodied versus conventional controls. Participants played a non-violent and violent game on either the Playstation 2 or Nintendo Wii. Violent play did not increase support for violence and hostile decision making, it marginally decreased them. Also, the participants' responses did not completely return to baseline after 24 hours. Lastly, embodied controls were not found to have a greater effect on support for violence. Therefore, the 3 predictions of this study were not supported. Overall, the central tenet that video games can affect players' attitudes, opinions, cognition and behaviour post play and that this will be especially true in games wherein an in-game character mimics the physical actions of the player is not well supported.

Includes bibliographical references.

Bibliography: leaves 201-209. / This descriptive study focused on two clinics in the Western Cape's South Peninsula (Retreat and Ocean View), with relatively successful cure rates. These successes were explored within the ecological frameworks of comprehensive primary health care (PHC) and the Healthy Cities concept. Clinic-based and community-based anti-tuberculosis treatments were compared in both areas. The relative influence of the Healthy Cities pilot project in Ocean View was also explored.

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 141-153). / Generally, an aim of the study was to establish the level of segregation among the students in the dining hall and to attempt to understand the motivations that establish and maintain such patterns. Students' level of intergroup contact and interracial attitudes were among the factors investigated for such motivations. With this, a further aim of the study was to establish whether the patterns observed were also patterns of friendship. If this were so, then a further aim of the study was to investigate the determinants of friendship for these students, generally, in order to ascertain the level of importance of race among such determinants. The analysis was focused around 10 specific objectives.