Renewable energy systems have received considerable attention as a sustainable technology in the building sector. Specifically, the use of ground-source heat pump (GSHP) and air-source heat pump (ASHP) for heating and cooling of buildings is increasing rapidly, and the combination with photovoltaic (PV) systems and heat pump systems provide energy savings and environmental benefits. This study investigates the feasibility of replacing conventional heating and cooling systems in a multifamily, residential building with GSHP and ASHP systems and their combination with PV. The integration of PV with GSHP and ASHP systems presents an opportunity for increased solar energy usage resulting in a reduction of electricity demanded and a reduction of emissions of greenhouse gases. To analyze different heat pumps systems with and without PV, system modeling and computer simulations are performed with RETScreen Expert software.<div><br></div><div>A multifaceted verification and validation study is conducted for the system model and computer simulation. The important objective of this part of the study is to understand and develop confidence for modelling individual studies in RETScreen Expert software. To accomplish this, RETScreen Expert is used for modeling and simulating the performance of PV systems in several geographical locations, including Fort Wayne, IN. A comparison is made to performance predictions from System Advisory Model (SAM) software. In addition, a study is done to compare predictions from both software to previously published data.<br></div><div><br></div><div>In the further phase of the study, eQUEST software, a tool for building energy simulation is used to predict outputs such as electricity consumption, heating loads, and cooling loads for the multifamily residential building considered in this study. These outputs, as well as, building parameters are used as inputs to RETScreen Expert. Since, this study focuses on modeling and simulating the heating and cooling systems coupled with PV for feasibility analysis, only a few minor modifications to the eQUEST default settings are made.<br></div><div><br></div><div>The outputs from eQUEST are used as inputs to RETScreen Expert and analysis of ASHP and GSHP systems, as well as their combination with a PV system are performed. The results include the technical performance and financial model of each system, which can be used to indicate feasibility. The results show that both GSHP and ASHP systems are environmentally friendly and reduce energy consumption. These systems are economically feasible, with payback periods of under 10 years, when electricity prices are high. When combined technology is preferred, PV-GSHP systems are more environmentally friendly and have fuel savings far better than any other proposed systems. But the feasibility of the both the GSHP and PV-GSHP systems strongly depends on loop installation cost.<br></div>

Feasibility studies concerning decision-making for various types of items to be used in a small hydropower scheme is important for estimating the energy generation, the approximate cost of the project, and the required budget allocation. A computer program named RETScreen, which is commonly used in the North Americas, is capable of evaluating the energy generation, investment and maintenance costs for small hydro-projects. This thesis is based on application of this program to the Turkish practice. To this end, energy and cost equations dealing with energy generation and cost estimation of various items, such as costs of turbines, generators, installation of energy equipment, transmission line, etc., will be applied according to the common practice currently used in Turkey. A case study is performed to illustrate the use of this program. With the use of this program, it may be possible to perform quick successive runs to assess economic feasibility of several alternatives.

Hydropower helps countries meet their energy needs in an economically, environmentally, and socially sustainable way while saving money and increasing energy security and self-reliance. Being one of the fastest developing countries, electricity demand of Turkey has been increasing and is expected to increase in the future. Untapped hydropower potential is among the prospective alternative resources to supply this demand. Developing a hydropower project requires a great deal of expertise in multiple disciplines. RETScreen software developed by CanmetENERGY helps the planners and decision makers to assess the feasibility of renewable energy projects at the pre-feasibility and feasibility stages. This study is an application of RETScreen to assess the feasibility of alternative formulations for Niksar HEPP, a small hydropower project which is under construction in Turkey. Three alternative formulations are generated and their economic performances are evaluated and compared. First, optimum design discharges are calculated and then economical analysis is conducted for various electricity export rates by RETScreen for all the alternatives. This study provides a detailed literature review on hydropower and its economical, social and environmental aspects, and shows how RETScreen can be used in assessing the economical feasibilities of the current formulation for Niksar HEPP and its alternative schemes.

This thesis describes wind power plants with focus on specific type of power plant. The trends of wind turbines in the world and in the Czech Republic are briefly described. Part of the thesis is the calculation of wind power plants, according to the selected type, which is located in the site of Prosiměřice in Znojmo. Calculation using RETScreen programme was also used.

There is overwhelming scientific evidence that shows the temperature of the Earth's atmosphere is rising at an unprecedented rate. This is attributed to increased levels of greenhouse gas emissions, a large proportion of which originates from anthropogenic combustion of carbon-based fossil fuels for energy. There is therefore a strong argument for the increased role of less environmentally damaging, low carbon energy sources including renewable energy technologies. Run-of-river hydropower is one such renewable energy option, considered more environmentally benign than traditional hydropower which requires the construction of large dams to create a reservoir. The aim of this study was to develop a model to search for, and map, economically viable run-of-river hydropower resource that can function on any global catchment of any size. Development and testing of the model was conducted on China's 2 million km2 Yangtze River drainage basin, the third longest river in the world and a rich landscape for hydropower. A gridded, distributed hydrological model was developed integrating high-resolution meteorological datasets and a digital elevation model (DEM). Using the model, the surface hydrology of the Yangtze catchment was simulated at a timestep of 6 minutes to obtain the mean daily surface runoff for every day from the beginning of 1979 to the end of 2007. Observed river flow data from sub-catchments of the Yangtze were used to calibrate the model by differential optimisation, an evolutionary computation technique. Validation was carried out on a 1.6 million km2 sub-catchment resulting in a mean objective function of 0.95 (where a perfect fit would be 1.0) across 8 objective functions commonly used in hydrology. Catchment wide mean daily runoff data was used to develop flow duration curves across the catchment river network. Virtual power stations were constructed at each river cell, iteratively testing differing scheme configurations, and costed using the RETScreen methodology. A best performing hydropower network was determined by a conflict algorithm, designed to prioritise high profit schemes and to remove lower performing and conflicting schemes. This resulted in a potential run-of-river installed capacity across the Yangtze catchment of 103GW (at 10% discount rate), generating 394TWh per annum. This model would be a valuable tool in finding optimal locations for future hydropower resource.

Renewable energy sources are getting much more important to reduce the increasing threat coming from greenhouse gases. Hydropower is the most important source of renewable energy. However, development of a hydropower project is a challenging engineering process. Several computer programs have been developed to make initial estimations on hydropower schemes. A computer program named RETScreen Small Hydro Project Model has been developed with the objective to make complete pre-feasibility studies including costing and financial analysis. Two case studies, which have been under construction in Turkey, will be used to check the accuracy of software in Turkish practice. Then in light of the results, RETScreen software will be used to make a pre-feasibility report on an existing multipurpose dam in Turkey. Electricity can be generated at existing dams which requires minor civil works. Porsuk Dam which is a 36 year old dam used for domestic, industrial and irrigation water supply will be evaluated for energy generation by constructing a penstock, powerhouse and installing electromechanical equipment.

High greenhouse gas emissions increased the importance of renewable energy resources. Hydropower is among the most widely used type of renewable energy. Oppositions to big hydropower projects with reservoirs increased the use of small hydropower plants. Development of a small hydropower project is a challenging engineering task. Different software&rsquo / s are developed and used to make initial estimations of energy generation and initial costs of the project. RETScreen Clean Energy Analysis Software which can be used worldwide allows the user to estimate initial energy output and costs. In this study, three consecutive hydropower projects (HEPP), namely, Kemer&ccedil / ayir, &Uuml / &ccedil / hanlar and &Uuml / &ccedil / harmanlar HEPP&rsquo / s and four alternative project formulations to these projects are evaluated using RETScreen. The results of the evaluations are compared and best formulation for the projects is identified. In addition to economical profitability, hydropower plants need to be evaluated in terms of their environmental impacts and sustainability aspects. Sustainable development is a fundamental concept of natural resources management. International Hydropower Association prepared the Sustainability Assessment Protocol to evaluate new or existing hydropower facilities with respect to various environmental, social and economic sustainability aspects. The Sustainability Assessment Protocol of IHA is used to evaluate Kemer&ccedil / ayir HEPP. Due to lack of necessary information, rather than conducting a sustainability assessment of a small hydropower project (SHP), necessary information required to conduct such a study is identified.

Ingeniero Civil / Esta memoria tiene como objetivo evaluar la factibilidad técnica y económica de la instalación de tecnologías de Energía Renovable no Convencionales (ERNC) en hogares chilenos. La metodología consiste en seleccionar 2 tipos de vivienda en función del costo (una avaluada en 650 UF y otra en 5500 UF), y ubicarlas en 4 ciudades; Iquique, Lonquimay, Santiago y Osorno; para diversificar el efecto del clima y disponibilidad de recurso energético en el análisis. Se determinan las tecnologías aplicables a nivel residencial y se evalúa implementar un reacondicionamiento térmico a viviendas que permitan ahorro en el gasto anual de calefacción. Con ayuda de Retscreen se diseña la implementación de distintas tecnologías, para dimensionar los sistemas y evaluar su rentabilidad. Mediante flujos de caja se estudia el comportamiento económico en un período de 20 años. Se seleccionan las tecnologías económicamente rentables para aplicarse simultáneamente en las viviendas de cada ciudad y se adiciona al costo inicial de los flujos de caja el valor de cada vivienda. Con las combinaciones apropiadas de tecnologías para cada caso, se recupera la inversión inicial de su implementación en ambas casas en todas las ciudades. En la vivienda 1 el promedio del tiempo de retorno es 8,2 años; y para la vivienda 2 es de 6,3 años. Al incluir el costo de la vivienda los proyectos son factibles sólo para la vivienda de 650 UF, ya que cuenta con acceso a subsidios que merman la inversión inicial, permitiendo un tiempo de retorno promedio de 16,7 años (excepto Iquique donde no resulta rentable); mientras que para la vivienda 2 el proyecto no resulta rentable. La instalación de sistemas basados en energías renovables no convencionales, junto a reacondicionamiento térmico, es un proyecto rentable si se seleccionan sistemas que posean potencial energético en la localidad de interés. Su correcta selección e implementación genera ahorros monetarios anuales que, para el caso de viviendas de costo bajo o moderado, pueden llegar a costear incluso el valor de la vivienda.

Germany is one of the pioneer countries in wind turbine technology. They installed many wind turbines during the last decades and are now confronted with a shortage of land suitable for new wind parks. Now, with an estimated wind turbine service life of 20 – 25 years whole wind parks are becoming obsolete and owners have to decide whether do decommission, repower or to continue the operation of their parks. The advantages of repowering as well as the bureaucratic hurdles are outlined and evaluated. This thesis deals with the repowering potential in North Rhine-Westphalia and is analysing the technical and economical possibilities of repowering. The main objectives are to identify wind turbines eligible for repowering and also to develop repowering scenarios in order to determine their techno-economic feasibility.  The designed steps of the methodology allow the census and the subsequent implementation of the results in WindPro and RETScreen.

Submitted by Hellen Luz (hellencrisluz@gmail.com) on 2017-09-04T16:05:06Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_AnaliseAcaoEficiencia.pdf: 8849521 bytes, checksum: 856b5a5ccc7c04435978c821e01ebbe0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Irvana Coutinho (irvana@ufpa.br) on 2017-09-12T16:29:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_AnaliseAcaoEficiencia.pdf: 8849521 bytes, checksum: 856b5a5ccc7c04435978c821e01ebbe0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-12T16:29:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_AnaliseAcaoEficiencia.pdf: 8849521 bytes, checksum: 856b5a5ccc7c04435978c821e01ebbe0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-28 / A matriz energética mundial é bastante dependente das fontes não renováveis de energia, assim, a adoção de novas tecnologias e estratégias que visem à eficiência energética são ações fundamentais, face às mudanças climáticas, escassez dos recursos naturais e demanda crescente de energia. Nesse sentido, o progresso autônomo da tecnologia dos LEDs, do inglês “Light-Emitting Diode”, e o progresso induzido, praticado pelo governo brasileiro, em eficiência energética são alavancas propulsoras para o crescimento das medidas de conservação de energia em todos os setores da economia. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho vem propor uma metodologia que busca reduzir o consumo de energia elétrica na Administração Pública. O método proposto é aplicado em um estudo de caso na Superintendência do Desenvolvimento da Amazônia (SUDAM), uma Autarquia Federal, utilizando-se, em um primeiro momento, de um pré-diagnóstico energético capaz de embasar a implementação de Ações de Eficiência Energética (AEE) por meio de medidas técnico-administrativas e, em um segundo momento, amparado por um diagnóstico energético aprofundado no sistema de iluminação artificial, sugere e emprega o LED na iluminação artificial de alguns ambientes da SUDAM. Para subsidiar a metodologia proposta é utilizado o software RETScreen® e a metodologia do Guia de M&V (Medição e Verificação) da Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica (ANEEL) tendo como premissas, respectivamente, analisar a oportunidade percebida no diagnóstico energético e quantificar os resultados obtidos admitindo a substituição de todas as lâmpadas antigas por lâmpadas LED. O trabalho apresenta os resultados, satisfatórios, provenientes das Ações de Eficiência Energética e conclui também que a utilização do LED na iluminação artificial da SUDAM possui viabilidade de aplicação com recursos próprios da Instituição, configura-se como uma proposta de projeto válida para Chamadas Públicas, que devem ser ofertadas pela concessionária de energia local, no âmbito do Programa de Eficiência Energética (PEE) regulado pela ANEEL, possibilidade de obter a Etiqueta Nacional de Conservação de Energia (ENCE) parcial para o sistema de iluminação e ainda servir como parâmetro e motivação para os demais Órgãos do Setor Público. / The world energy matrix is a lot dependent of non-renewable energy source, thus, the adoption of new technologies and strategies that aim the Energy Efficiency are actions fundamental, against climate changes, scarcity of natural resources and increase energy demand. This form, an autonomous progress of Lights-Emitting Diodes (LED) technology and an induction progress, practiced for Brasilian Government, in Energy Efficiency are levers to growth action energy conservation in all sectors of the economy. With that intent, this work comes to propose an methodology that search reduce the energy consumption in Public Administration. The method proposed is applied in case study in Amazon Development Superintendence (SUDAM), an Autarchy the Federal, using, in a first moment, of a pre-diagnosis capable of to base the implementation of energy efficiency action by means of steps technical-administrative and, in a second moment, supported by an deep energy diagnosis in artificial lighting system, it suggests and employs the LED in lighting some SUDAM environments. To subsidize the proposed methodology is used the software RETScreen® and the methodology of Measure and Verification Guide of the National Electrical Energy Agency (ANEEL), by having like premise, respectively, an analyze of an opportunity perceived in energy diagnostic and results quantify obtained admitting the renewal of all old lamps for LED lamps. The work presents results, satisfactory, from of energy efficiency actions and it concludes also that use of LED in artificial lighting of SUDAM it has viability application with own resource Institution’s, sets up like a propose valid of project to Calls Public, that must be offered by electrical utility, in ambit of the Efficient Energy Program regulated by the ANEEL, possibility of get National Energy Conservation Label, partial, to lighting system and still serve like parameter and motivation to the other Agencies of Public Sector.