I propose an approach to provide 95% confidence intervals for a chronology of low-frequency tree-ring variation so that a level of significance or importance for trends can be inferred. The approach also visually reveals the portions of a chronology in which sample depth is so poor that low-frequency variation is not robustly estimated. A key characteristic of the approach is that it is essentially a reordering of the individual steps commonly used in constructing standard tree-ring chronologies; consequently, it is computationally simple for researchers who already routinely construct standard tree-ring chronologies. The most important ramification of the approach is that each year of the chronology has a distribution of smoothed index values with which to estimate confidence intervals around the chronology of low-frequency variation. It can be argued that the approach constitutes multiple significance testing of means, which causes the α level for the confidence interval to be unknown. Nonetheless, the approach is still useful in that it provides a way to evaluate the probable importance of low-frequency trends expressed in tree-ring chronologies.

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by Ng Siu-Hung. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1992. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 80-81). / Introduction --- p.iii / Chapter 1 --- Distributive Modules --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Basic Definitions --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Distributive modules --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- Direct sum of distributive modules --- p.9 / Chapter 1.4 --- Endomorphisms of a distributive module --- p.13 / Chapter 1.5 --- Distributive modules satisfying chain conditions --- p.20 / Chapter 2 --- Rings with distributive lattices of right ideals --- p.25 / Chapter 2.1 --- Rings of quotients of right D-rings --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2 --- Localization of right D-rings --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3 --- Reduced primary factorizations in right ND-rings --- p.31 / Chapter 2.4 --- ND-rings --- p.38 / Chapter 3 --- Distributive modules over commutative rings --- p.43 / Chapter 3.1 --- Multiplication modules --- p.43 / Chapter 3.2 --- Properties of distributive modules over commutative rings --- p.48 / Chapter 3.3 --- Distributive modules over arithematical rings --- p.52 / Chapter 4 --- Chinese Modules and Universal Chinese rings --- p.59 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.59 / Chapter 4.2 --- Chinese Modules and CRT modules --- p.61 / Chapter 4.3 --- Universal Chinese Rings --- p.65 / Chapter 4.4 --- Chinese modules over Noetherian domains --- p.70 / Chapter 4.5 --- Remarks on CRT modules --- p.77 / Bibliography --- p.80

by Chi-Kwan Leung. / "July 2002." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 106-109). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

The main purpose of this paper is to examine the road towards the structure of simple and semi-simple Artinian rings. We refer to these structure theorems as the Wedderburn-Artin theorems. On this journey, we will discuss R-modules, the Jacobson radical, Artinian rings, nilpotency, idempotency, and more. Once we reach our destination, we will examine some implications of these theorems. As a fair warning, no ring will be assumed to be commutative, or to have unity. On that note, the reader should be familiar with the basic findings from Group Theory and Ring Theory.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2001. / Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaf 49). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2004. / Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 85-86). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1941. / Typescript. Includes abstract and vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaf [61]).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2005. / Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 48-49). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.