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Climate change and human land use leads to browning of waters with decreased visual conditions. This impacts the fish community via changes in foraging ability and food chain efficiency. There are indications that brownification leads to decreased body size of the Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis) and that roach (Rutilus rutilus) are favoured over perch in brown lakes since roach is less dependent on its eyesight when foraging. The aim with this project is to examine how browning impacts the fish community in lakes in the south of Sweden and if browning reduces the size of perch in relation to their age. Data on water colour and length-at-age for 1+ and 5+ perch as well as the number of perch and roach captured was collected from 20 lakes. The data was examined using linear regression and paired samples T-test in SPSS. The results show that browning does reduce the body size of perch. Perch is smaller in relation to their age in brown lakes. There was however no evidence indicating that roach is favoured over perch in brown lakes, but there was a difference between the number of 1+ and 5+ perch caught in relation to roach. The perch: roach ration decreased for older fish (from 1+ to 5+) indicating that there is a difference in survival rate. Survival rate of perch was however not dependent on water colour or TOC. This shows that climate change and increased browning could result in changes of the fish community and size structure of fish.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston University / This dissertation describes the preaching of John Roach Straton, a Baptist minister of the first three decades of the twentieth century, who played one of the leading roles in the Fundamentalist Controversy of the 1920s. Although he also contributed to the fundamentalist movement in other ways, this study is restricted to his preaching, and its major sources are the hundreds of sermons he has left behind in published books and pamphlets, religious periodicals, typewritten copies, and handwritten outlines. The method of the dissertation is historical and descriptive. One chapter is devoted to a survey of the Fundamentalist Controversy and a sketch of Straton's life. Two chapters deal with his preaching on the Five Points of Fundamentalism: "The Place of the Bible" and "The Centrality of Christ." Another chapter describes his opposition to evolution, one of the prominent issues in the controversy. Thus, the first half of the dissertation shows that Straton deserves to be called a fundamentalist. Two chapters deal with the strong note of social concern in his preaching, an element not usually associated with fundamentalist preaching and yet an integral part of Straton's message. "The Cure of Souls" is the title of a chapter describing his evangelistic, devotional, missionary, and comforting sermons. It also includes an account of a belated emphasis on divine healing, a practice in whicn he became involved during the last three years of his life (1926-1929). The last chapter in which sermons are discussed treats Straton as a churchman. It deals with homiletical matters, his theoretical anti-intellectualism, his attitude toward Baptist principles, Baptist conventions, and the ecumenical movement. Before the concluding chapter with its summary, a brief evaluation of Straton's role in church history is essayed. In this connection the thesis that he provided Sinclair Lewis with the inspiration for Elmer Gantry is challenged, and the suggestion that Straton succeeded William Jennings Bryan as the national leader of the fundamentalist forces is rejected. It is maintained that Straton's role is somewhat analogous to that of the Florentine reformer, Savonarola. The purpose of the dissertation is not to defend any particular thesis with respect to Straton, but rather to describe the most important aspect of his participation in a controversial period of American church history. It is felt that the term, "fundamentalist," arouses in many minds a picture that is not altogether true to fact and that the best way to correct such a stereotype is to examine the careers of the leading men who first bore that designation. It is hoped that this study will provide one more fragment of evidence upon which to build a more objectively valid picture of a group of church leaders who have been too quickly dismissed on the basis of prejudice and preconceived ideas not conforming to the historical facts.

<p>I studied the effects of temperature, pH, competition and predation on Eurasian perch (<i>Perca fluviatilis</i>) in 30 lakes in Norway during 1981-2001. The study lakes were situated in two different areas in southern Norway; four lakes in Aust-Agder county in southernmost Norway were explored during 1981-1984 and 26 lakes in Hedmark county in south-eastern Norway were investigated during 1992-2001. The study lakes varied considerably in pH, temperature, fish species composition, and perch abundance and size composition. In addition to field surveys, behavioural studies of perch were conducted at Karlstad University in 2006-2007.</p><p>The field studies revealed that temperature affected recruitment of perch as strong year-classes of perch generally occurred in summers with high temperatures. Temperature also affected perch behaviour as indicated by the low gillnet catches (CPUE) of perch atlow temperature. This effect on CPUE was also supported by results from the aquaria experiments, where swimming and feeding activity of perch was low at low temperature. In a study of four lakes, growth was positively related to temperature in the lake with an allopatric perch population, but not in three lakes where perch occurred sympatrically with roach.</p><p>pH also affected recruitment. In the four lakes in Aust-Agder, one strong year-class of perch occurred in all lakes in a year with especially high pH in spring and early summer. Adult mortality was also affected by pH, as old perch were less abundant in lakes with late spring pH=5.5-5.8 than in lakes with pH<5.5 and pH>5.8. The size and growth of adult perch were negatively affected by low pH, whereas abundance of large, potentially predatory perch was positively related to pH.</p><p>The field studies indicated that roach influence perch populations. When coexisting with roach, perch were mainly littoral. In lakes where roach dominated (by number), there was no growth – temperature correlation, but there was such a correlation in lakes without roach. In lakes with sympatric roach, age-specific weight of perch and the growth of 2+ perch were negatively related to the proportion of roach in the gillnet catches. In the aquaria experiments, swimming and feeding activity of perch were lower than that of roach at all temperatures tested, and the difference was most pronounced at 4 and 8 °C. The aquaria experiments indicated that perch had a lower feeding efficiency and that they generally occupied positions closer to the bottom than roach.</p>