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Formula Apportionment or Separate Accounting? Tax-Induced Distortions of Multinationals' Location Investment DecisionsOrtmann, Regina, Pummerer, Erich January 2015 (has links) (PDF)
We examine which tax allocation system leads to more severe distortions with respect to locational
investment decisions. We consider separate accounting (SA) and formula apportionment (FA). The
effects of both systems have been hotly debated in Europe in the past years. The reason is that the EU
Member States are striving to implement a common European tax system that would lead to a switch
from SA to FA. While existing studies focus primarily on the impact of taxes on locational decisions
under either SA or FA, the main innovation of this paper is that it compares both systems with regard
to the level of distortions they induce. We compare the optimal pre-tax investment decision with the
optimal after-tax investment decision and infer from the difference in the allocation of investment
funds which tax allocation system causes more severe distortions. We assume that the multinational
group (MNG) has comprehensive book income shifting opportunities under SA. We find that the
investment incentives under SA are opposed to those under FA for a profitable investment project.
Whereas under SA as much as possible should be invested in a high-tax country, under FA as much as
possible should be invested in a low-tax country. The distortions of locational investment decisions
tend to be more severe under SA than under FA if a greater share of investment funds is to be invested
in a low-tax country from a pre-tax perspective and the investment is profitable. Vice versa, locational
decisions may be more distorted under FA if the optimal pre-tax investment decision requires
investing a major share of funds in the high-tax country. In contrast to the often stated insensitivity of
FA towards income shifting, we find the introduction of a tax allocation system based on FA in
Europe could lead to a severe shift of economic substance to low-tax countries. The results of this
paper are of particular interest for European policy makers and MNGs as our findings may induce
European MNGs to reassess their recent locational investment decisions in the face of a potential
future change in the applied tax allocation system. (authors' abstract) / Series: WU International Taxation Research Paper Series
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Uncertainty in Weighting Formulary Apportionment Factors and its Impact on After-Tax Income of Multinational GroupsOrtmann, Regina January 2015 (has links) (PDF)
Formulary apportionment is an intensively debated mechanism for allocating tax base within
multinational groups. Systems under which the formula is identical in all jurisdictions and systems
under which jurisdictions can determine the weights on the formula factors individually can be
observed. The latter systems produce uncertainty about the overall tax-liable share of the future group
tax base. Counter-intuitively, I identify scenarios under which increased uncertainty leads to higher
expected future group income. My results provide helpful insights for firms and policy makers
debating the specific design of a formulary apportionment system. (author's abstract) / Series: WU International Taxation Research Paper Series
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Testing the tax competition theory. How elastic are national tax bases in Western Europe?Riedl, Aleksandra, Rocha-Akis, Silvia January 2007 (has links) (PDF)
In this paper, we test one of the fundamental assumptions in the tax competition literature, namely, that a country's taxable income depends on the tax policies pursued in the domestic and in neighbouring countries. Based on a panel of annual data of 14 western European countries spanning the period 1982 to 2004, we show that the common trend in falling corporate income tax (CIT) rates can in part be explained by the existence of fiscal externalities in the form of international resource flows. Our results confirm the presumption put forward in recent empirical tax reaction function studies, that interdependent tax setting behaviour is evidence of tax competition. However, taxable corporate income is shown to react inelastically to domestic and to foreign tax rates. Thus, the observed rise in CIT revenues in Europe between 1982 and 2004 cannot be explained by the trend in falling CIT rates. Moreover, we find that large countries' tax bases are more responsive to neighbouring countries' tax policies, which is in contrast to the classic asymmetric tax competition literature. (author´s abstract) / Series: Discussion Papers SFB International Tax Coordination
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Testing the tax competition theory: How elastic are national tax bases in western Europe?Riedl, Aleksandra, Rocha-Akis, Silvia January 2007 (has links) (PDF)
In this paper, we test one of the fundamental assumptions in the tax competition literature, namely, that a country's taxable income depends on the tax policies pursued in the domestic and in neighbouring countries. Based on a panel of annual data of 14 western European countries spanning the period 1982 to 2004, we show that the common trend in falling corporate income tax (CIT) rates can in part be explained by the existence of fiscal externalities in the form of international resource flows. Our results confirm the presumption put forward in recent empirical tax reaction function studies, that interdependent tax setting behaviour is evidence of tax competition. However, taxable corporate income is shown to react inelastically to domestic and to foreign tax rates. Thus, the observed rise in CIT revenues in Europe between 1982 and 2004 cannot be explained by the trend in falling CIT rates. Moreover, we find that large countries' tax bases are more responsive to neighbouring countries' tax policies, which is in contrast to the classic asymmetric tax competition literature. (author's abstract) / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
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