'Modern' radar systems have come in for much criticism in recent years, particularly in the aftermath of the Falklands campaign. There have also been notable failures in commercial designs, including the well-publicised 'Nimrod' project which was abandoned due to persistent inability to meet signal processing requirements. There is clearly a need for improvement in radar signal processing techniques as many designs rely on technology dating from the late 1970's, much of which is obsolete by today’s standards. The Durham Radar Automatic Track Extraction System (RATES) is a practical implementation of current microprocessor technology, applied to plot extraction of surveillance radar data. In addition to suggestions for the design of such a system, results are quoted for the predicted performance when compared with a similar product using 1970's design methodology. Suggestions are given for the use of other VLSI techniques in plot extraction, including logic arrays and digital signal processors. In conclusion, there is an illustrated discussion concerning the use of systolic arrays in RATES and a prediction that this will represent the optimum architecture for future high-speed radar signal processors.

An ionospheric topside sounder is a high frequency radar system that is located above the ionosphere, ideally on-board a polar orbiting satellite to provide global coverage. The previous eight satellite sounders have measured the critical frequency of the F2 ionosphere region using traditional swept frequency methods. The most expensive part of these missions however is considered to be the large network of ground support stations required for collecting and processing data. This information has been invaluable in improving our global understanding of the upper ionosphere and the accuracy of critical frequency maps used by HF radio engineers to calculate communications routes and the optimum frequencies for early warning OTH radars. A new technique for the direct detection of critical frequency has been developed, which is called the 'Dispersion Method'. Real data from previous sounders is used in the development and verification of this method. This sounder will not only provide traditional lonograms but detects critical frequency and spread echoes directly from the dispersion of a returning radar pulse. This new method does not use traditional lonograms with their inherent processing complexity and is an order faster than any previous sounder. The 'Dispersion Method' therefore resolves the problems encountered with the past topside sounder missions and produces large quantities of real time data autonomously when required. Previous sounding satellites had little memory capacity, no on-board processing capability, required large antennas and transmitters on satellites with a mass of between 150 and 250 kg. This meant power requirements of about 60 watts per orbit average. A feasibility study to place a third generation topside sounder into low Earth orbit on a 50 kg microsatellite with an orbit average power capacity of only 20 watts has been successfully completed.

Taiwan's surrounding waters rich in terrain, and a number of shares of the sea converge along the coastal waters of Taiwan created a rich fishing ground.However, due to excessive fishing efforts to longterm investment , But lack of proper management of fitness , so even though the number of vessels increased, but the overall fishery production continued to decrease. The management of fisheries resources requires the correct results as the scientific basis for resource assessment , before they can properly apply effective management to achieve goals , and resources conservation and use of a balance between fisheries. The correct resource assessment,you need detailed information on the basis of the catch,the most important time, space and other efforts to catch the amount of information is the most common practitioners of business operating statements made . Taiwan's coastal fisheries,as yet mandatory for the industry to report their operating statements provided management measures , so in the past this type of information is achieved through the visits, but the mission is not only the high cost of information , a small number and accuracy is not high also limited to the funding and cooperation from the fishermen often intermittent , resulting in a serious ack of resources and ssessmenta information. Taiwan Caost Guard Administrstion in order to monitor the waters around Taiwan ,the dynamic vessel offshore the coast of Taiwan are build Caost Radar Systems.These systems approach to proactive scanning , within 24 hours for the scan to monitor vessels and left navigation records including the vessel name , time location information of the vessel .These data separated by fishing information , speed of calculation,it is possible to estimate the fishing vessels fishing effort in the future with the sale of the ships coming into port unloading data information on fishing operations as an alternative complementary information on the shortcomings of the report did not work . The purpose of this study , that Caost Radar Systems in the use of bank information obtained , isolated fishing information , conduct analysis and calculation , and the actual data for verification visits to explore the application of Caost Radar Systems on shore along the coastal fisheries management feasibility . The results showed : Caost Radar Systems data from the isolated shore fishing vessels that the correct information to the operating position, and velocity analysis based on fishing operations , can estimate fishing effort,and calculate the frequency of operating out of position, draw fishing boats operating region .But the study also found the sea wave and blind area factor will be off the lock occur ,resulting in boat speed and position information a short time gaps , but this does not affect the overall assessment of fishery resoures, through projections to supplement the information in this section.

Breast microwave imaging (BMI) is a novel modality that complements current breast screening tools. Microwave radar imaging creates a radar cross-section (reflection) map of the breast. The difference in permittivity between healthy and malignant tissue is between 10-50%. This contrast is significantly higher than that obtained with x-rays and supports the use of microwave imaging for breast cancer diagnosis. Prior to widespread clinical use, some areas require further study. Firstly, the performance of three different antennas was carried out, to assess their suitability for a BMI system. Secondly, the sampling constraint of a circular scan geometry was studied and tested using experimental phantoms and these antennas. For accurate breast BMI reconstruction, the transmission speed of the radio waves inside the breast must be determined. The tissue composition of each patient is different, making this task challenging. This work presents an algorithm for wave speed estimation in different mediums. / February 2017

Many research groups have conducted the investigation into UWB imaging radar system for various applications over the last decade. Due to the demanding security requirements, it is desirable to devise a convenient and reliable imaging system for concealed weapon detection. Therefore, this thesis presents my research into a low cost and compact UWB imaging radar system for security purpose. This research consists of two major parts: building the UWB imaging system and testing the imaging algorithms. Firstly, the time-domain UWB imaging radar system is developed based on a modulating scheme, achieving a receiver sensitivity of -78dBm and a receiver dynamic range of 69dB. A rotary UWB antenna linear array, comprising one central transmitting antenna and four side-by-side receiving antennas, is adopted to form 2D array in order to achieve a better cross-range resolution of the target. In operation, the rotation of the antenna array is automatically controlled through the computerised modules in LabVIEW. Two imaging algorithms have been extensively tested in the developed UWB radar system for a number of scenarios. In simulation, the “Delay and Sum (DAS)” method has been shown to be effective at mapping out the metallic targets in free space, but prone to errors in more complicated environments. However, the “Time Reversal (TR)” method can produce better images in more complex scenarios, where traditionally unfavorable multi-path interference becomes a valuable asset. These observations were verified in experiment in different testing environments, such as penetration through wooden boards, clutters and a stuffed sport bag. The detectable size of a single target is 8×8×1 cm3 with 30cm distance in a stuffed bag, while DAS can achieve the estimation of 7cm cross-range resolution and 15cm down-range resolution for two targets with sizes of 8×8×1 cm3 and 10×10×1 cm3, which fits within the theoretical prediction. In contrast, TR can distinguish them with a superior 4cm cross range resolution.

Three information measures are discussed and used as objective functions for optimization of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and radar systems. In addition, a long-term system performance measure is developed for evaluating the performance of slow-fading WSNs. Three system applications are considered: a distributed detection system, a distributed multiple hypothesis system, and a radar target recognition system.First, we consider sensor power optimization for distributed binary detection systems. The system communicates over slow-fading orthogonal multiple access channels. In earlier work, it was demonstrated that system performance could be improved by adjusting transmit power to maximize the J-divergence measure of a binary detection system. We define outage probability for slow-fading system as a long-term performance measure, and analytically develop the detection outage with the given system model.Based on the analytical result of the outage probability, diversity gain is derived and shown to be proportional to the number of the sensor nodes. Then, we extend the optimized power control strategy to a distributed multiple hypothesis system, and enhance the power optimization by exploiting a priori probabilities and local sensor statistics. We also extend outage probability to the distributed multiple-hypotheses problem. The third application is radar waveform design with a new performance measure: Task-Specific Information (TSI). TSI is an information-theoretic measure formulated for one or more specific sensor tasks by encoding the task(s) directly into the signal model via source variables. For example, we consider the problem of correctly classifying a linear system from a set of known alternatives, and the source variable takes the form of an indicator vector that selects the transfer function of the true hypothesis. We then compare the performance of TSI with conventional waveforms and other information-theoretic waveform designs via simulation. We apply radar-specific constraints and signal models to the waveform optimization.

No description available.

Contact-less human detection and monitoring using radar technology has been recently applied in many areas including search-and-rescue for earthquake victims, fall detection, gait analysis and detection of other human activities. Radars can also provide important information about a persons state of health by monitoring the level of activities, heart and breathing rate. Also it can be used to generate warnings if some of the monitored parameters are outside of predefined limits. The major application of this work is for monitoring in-mates and their activities. This thesis deals with characterizing the performance of the radar system used for monitoring a single person in a contained environment. This thesis is experimentally based and during the thesis a large number of experiments were performed in order to monitor subjects in realistic conditions. The thesis explores feasibility of using the radar with a single radio-frequency channel input and two algorithms for breathing and heart rate estimation when the subject is at different relative orientation towards the radar as well as in different postures. Algorithm one is using Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) and algorithm two is using Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) with Minkowski distance. We also detect the zones where the subject is when the subject is moving. Since this exploratory analysis provides initial features for classifications and algorithms for breathing and heart beat estimation, it can represent a foundation for future works on designing systems that track subjects and their breathing in real-time.

Introduction. For hardware used in radar systems of today, technology is evolving in an increasing rate. For existing software in radar systems, relying on specific drivers or hardware, this quickly becomes a problem. When hardware required is no longer produced or outdated, compatibility problems emerges between the new hardware and existing software. This research will focus on exploring if the virtualization technology can be helpful in solving this problem. Would it be possible to address the compatibility problem with the help of hypervisor solutions, while also maintaining high performance? Objectives. The aim with this research is to explore the virtualization technology with focus on hypervisors, to improve the way that hardware and software cooperate within a radar system. The research will investigate if it is possible to solve compatibility problems between new hardware and already existing software, while also analysing the performance of virtual solutions compared to non-virtualized. Methods. The proposed method is an experiment were the two hypervisors Xen and KVM will analysed. The hypervisors will be running on two different systems. A native environment with similarities to a radar system will be built and then compared with the same system, but now with hypervisor solutions applied. Research around the area of virtualization will be conducted with focus on security, hypervisor features and compatibility. Results. The results will present a proposed virtual environment setup with the hypervisors installed. To address the compatibility issue, an old operating system has been used to prove that implemented virtualization works. Finally performance results are presented for the native environment compared against a virtual environment. Conclusions. From results gathered with benchmarks, we can see that the individual performance might vary, which is to be expected when used on different hardware. A virtual setup has been built, including Xen and KVM hypervisors, together with NAS communication. Running an old operating system as a virtual guest, compatibility has been proven to exist between software and hardware using KVM as the virtual solution. From the results gathered, KVM seems like a good solution to investigate more.

Die Datenerfassung für Wetterprognosen basiert bis heute auf konventionellen Radarsystemen, die mit einer verhältnismäßig hohen Leistung arbeiten und für große Reichweiten ausgelegt sind. Da jedoch Wetterphänomene primär in Bodennähe auftreten und deren ausschlaggebenden Charakteristika ebendort zu detektieren sind, bringt dieses einige Nachteile mit sich. Hierzu zählen z.B. Einschränkungen bezüglich der räumlichen Auflösung und der Aktualisierungsrate, die stark eingeschränkten Möglichkeiten der flächendeckenden Erfassung bodennaher Effekte, aber auch die nicht voll polarimetrischen Detektionsmöglichkeiten bestehender Systeme. Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt den Ansatz des 'Digital Beamforming Weather Radar' (DB-WR) vor, welcher die beschriebenen Nachteile maßgeblich reduziert bzw. vermeidet. Die Systemarchitektur basiert hierbei auf engmaschigen Netzwerken von Phased-Array Radargeräten mit signifikant geringeren Reichweiten und Sendeleistungen. Grundlage hierfür bilden polarimetrische Sende-Empfangsmodule ('Software-Defined Radars'), welche die Realisierung der neuartigen 'Arbiträren Polarimetrischen Multiparameter Intrapulsmodulation' (APMIM), einem Verfahren welches beliebige Modulationen innerhalb des Sendepulses zulässt, ermöglichen. Der Fokus richtet sich diesbezüglich auf die Umsetzung eines breitbandigen Stand-Alone Experimentalsystems für diese neuartige Wetterradartechnologie, mit dem das Systemkonzept des DBWR getestet und die Möglichkeiten der APMIM in Kombination mit einer multiplen Empfangssignalauswertung evaluiert werden können. Darüber hinaus werden die Möglichkeiten dieses Experimentalsystems veranschaulicht und die Funktionalitäten in entsprechenden Messungen verifiziert. / Data acquisition for weather forecasts is still based on conventional radar systems, which operate at a relatively high power and are designed for long ranges. However, since weather phenomena primarily occur near the ground and their decisive characteristics have to be detected there, this brings with it a number of disadvantages. These include, for example, limitations with respect to spatial resolution and update rate, the severely restricted possibilities of area-wide detection of near-ground effects, but also the not fully polarimetric detection capabilities of existing systems. This dissertation presents the Digital Beamforming Weather Radar (DBWR) approach, which significantly reduces or avoids the described drawbacks. The system architecture is based on close-meshed networks of phased-array radars with significantly lower ranges and transmission powers. The basis for this is formed by polarimetric transmit-receive modules ('Software-Defined Radars'), which enable the realization of the novel 'Arbitrary Polarimetric Multiparameter Intrapulse Modulation' (APMIM), a method which allows arbitrary modulations within the transmit pulse. In this respect, the focus is on the implementation of a broadband stand-alone experimental system for this novel weather radar technology, with which the system concept of the DBWR can be tested and the possibilities of the APMIM in combination with a multiple received signal evaluation can be evaluated. Furthermore, the capabilities of this experimental system are illustrated and the functionalities are verified in corresponding measurements.