The future of electric power distribution systems (DSs) is one that incorporates extensive amounts of advanced metering, distribution automation, and distributed generation technologies. Most DSs were designed to be radial systems and the major philosophies of their protection, namely, selectivity and sensitivity, were easily achieved. Settings for overcurrent protective devices (OCPDs) were static and based on the maximum load downstream of its location, with little concern of major configuration changes. However, the integration of distribution generators (DGs) in radial distributions systems (RDSs) causes bidirectional power flows and varying short circuit currents to be sensed by protective devices, thereby affecting these established protection principles. Several researchers have investigated methods to preserve the selectivity of overcurrent protection coordination in RDSs with DGs, but at the expense of protective device sensitivity due to an inherent change in system configuration. This thesis presents an investigation to adapt the pickup settings of the substation relay, based on configuration changes in a DS with DGs, using smart meter data from the prior year. An existing protection scheme causes the faulted areas of DSs with DGs to revert to a radial configuration, thereby allowing conventional OCPDs to isolate faults. Based on the location of the fault, the created radial segments are known and vary in length. The proposed methodology involves using demand information available via smart metering, to determine the seasonal maximum diversified demands in each of the radial segments that are formed. These seasonal maximum diversified demands are used to yield several pickup settings for the substation overcurrent relay of the DS. The existing protection approach enables the selectivity of radial overcurrent protection coordination to be maintained; the sensitivity of the substation relay is improved by adapting its pickup settings based on seasonal demand and system configuration changes. The results of the studies are reported through simulation in EMTP™ /PSCAD® using a multi-feeder test system that includes DGs and smart meters located at the secondary distribution load level. The results show that using seasonal settings for the substation relay based on configuration changes in a DS with DGs can improve the sensitivity of the substation relay.

Submitted by Gabriel Figueiredo Puerta (gfpuerta@gmail.com) on 2018-11-12T17:24:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 diss_Gabriel_Final_real_oficial_.pdf: 2623476 bytes, checksum: a1018496f3944da6d7825e6856e593ac (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Cristina Alexandra de Godoy null (cristina@adm.feis.unesp.br) on 2018-11-13T16:56:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 puerta_gf_me_ilha.pdf: 2623476 bytes, checksum: a1018496f3944da6d7825e6856e593ac (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-13T16:56:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 puerta_gf_me_ilha.pdf: 2623476 bytes, checksum: a1018496f3944da6d7825e6856e593ac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Neste trabalho, apresenta-se um modelo matemático especializado para a otimização do problema da restauração de redes de distribuição de energia elétrica radiais quando existem poucas chaves manobráveis. A existência de um número reduzido de chaves seccionadoras na rede de distribuição é uma característica típica de sistemas reais. O problema da restauração de redes de distribuição consiste em obter um plano de restauração que restabeleça o máximo possível de cargas presentes na parcela do sistema que foi desenergizada após a ocorrência de uma falta permanente. O plano de restauração deve ser obtido o mais rápido possível. O modelo matemático proposto possui como objetivo maximizar o restabelecimento de energia àqueles setores de carga que estão desenergizados e minimizar o número total de chaveamentos necessários para que a restauração aconteça. O modelo matemático resultante é de programação cônica de segunda ordem inteira mista e é resolvido através de solucionadores comerciais que se baseiam em técnicas de otimização clássicas. Os testes considerando faltas permanentes foram simulados em sistemas de distribuição testes de 53 e 84 barras. Os sistemas foram adaptados e transportados para a problemática do trabalho e os resultados adquiridos qualificam a robustez e a eficácia do modelo matemático especializado proposto para a resolução do problema. / This work proposes an specialized mathematical model for the optimization of the restoration problem in radial electric power distribution systems with few manageable switches. The existence of a reduced number of switches in the distribution systems it’s a typical characteristic of real systems. The restoration problem in radial electric power distribution systems is to obtain a restoration plan that reestablishes the maximum amount of present loads in the system portion that has been de-energized after the occurrence of a permanent fault. The elaboration of the restoration plan must be as soon as possible. The proposed mathematical model aims at maximizing the power re-establishment to the de-energized load sectors and at minimizing the total amount of operated switches that are required for the restoration happen. The resulting mathematical model is a mixed-integer second-order conic programming problem and it’s solved through commercial solves that use classical optimization techniques as base. The tests considering permanents faults were simulated in 84 and 53-bus distribution systems. The systems were adapted and transported to the work’s problematic and the acquired results show the robustness and the effectiveness of the proposed specialized mathematical model for the problem resolution. / CAPES: 001 / FAPESP: 2015/21972-6

Orientador: Rubén Augusto Romero Lázaro / Resumo: Neste trabalho, apresenta-se um modelo matemático especializado para a otimização do problema da restauração de redes de distribuição de energia elétrica radiais quando existem poucas chaves manobráveis. A existência de um número reduzido de chaves seccionadoras na rede de distribuição é uma característica típica de sistemas reais. O problema da restauração de redes de distribuição consiste em obter um plano de restauração que restabeleça o máximo possível de cargas presentes na parcela do sistema que foi desenergizada após a ocorrência de uma falta permanente. O plano de restauração deve ser obtido o mais rápido possível. O modelo matemático proposto possui como objetivo maximizar o restabelecimento de energia àqueles setores de carga que estão desenergizados e minimizar o número total de chaveamentos necessários para que a restauração aconteça. O modelo matemático resultante é de programação cônica de segunda ordem inteira mista e é resolvido através de solucionadores comerciais que se baseiam em técnicas de otimização clássicas. Os testes considerando faltas permanentes foram simulados em sistemas de distribuição testes de 53 e 84 barras. Os sistemas foram adaptados e transportados para a problemática do trabalho e os resultados adquiridos qualificam a robustez e a eficácia do modelo matemático especializado proposto para a resolução do problema. / Abstract: This work proposes an specialized mathematical model for the optimization of the restoration problem in radial electric power distribution systems with few manageable switches. The existence of a reduced number of switches in the distribution systems it’s a typical characteristic of real systems. The restoration problem in radial electric power distribution systems is to obtain a restoration plan that reestablishes the maximum amount of present loads in the system portion that has been de-energized after the occurrence of a permanent fault. The elaboration of the restoration plan must be as soon as possible. The proposed mathematical model aims at maximizing the power re-establishment to the de-energized load sectors and at minimizing the total amount of operated switches that are required for the restoration happen. The resulting mathematical model is a mixed-integer second-order conic programming problem and it’s solved through commercial solves that use classical optimization techniques as base. The tests considering permanents faults were simulated in 84 and 53-bus distribution systems. The systems were adapted and transported to the work’s problematic and the acquired results show the robustness and the effectiveness of the proposed specialized mathematical model for the problem resolution. / Mestre

Smart radial distribution grids will include advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) and significant distributed generators (DGs) connected close to loads. DGs in these radial distribution systems (RDS) introduce bidirectional power flows (BPFs) and contribute to fault current. These BPFs may cause unwanted tripping of existing overcurrent (OC) protection devices and result in permanent outages for a large number of customers. This thesis presents a protection approach that modified an existing overcurrent protection scheme to reduce the number of customers affected by faults in RDS with DGs. Further, a technique is presented that utilizes customers loading information from smart meters in AMI to improve the sensitivity of substation OC relays by adaptively changing the pickup settings. The modified protection approach involves predefining zones in RDS with DGs and installing directional OC relays and circuit breakers at the zonal boundaries. Zonal boundary relays determine faulted zones by sharing information on the direction of detected faults current using binary state signals over a communication medium. The technique to adapt the substation relay pickup settings uses the demand measurements from smart meters for two 12-hour intervals from the previous day to determine the maximum diversified demand at the relay?s location. The pickup settings of the substation relay for the two 12-hour intervals during the following day for the zone supplied by the substation are adaptively set based on the current that corresponds to the maximum diversified demand from the previous day. The techniques were validated through simulations in EMTP/PSCAD using an expanded IEEE 34 node radial test feeder that included DGs and a secondary distribution level. By decentralizing the control of the zonal boundary breakers, the single point of failure was eliminated in the modified protection approach. The cases studied showed that the modified protection approach allows for selective identification and isolation of the faulted zones. Also, the sensitivity of the substation OC relay was improved by at least 24% by using the pickup settings for the two 12-hour intervals from the smart meter demand measurements compared to the pickup settings computed using the conventional methodology based on the maximum loading of the zone.

Orientador: José Roberto Sanches Mantovani / Resumo: O problema de alocação ótima de banco de capacitores em sistema de distribuição radiais consiste em definir as barras onde devem ser alocados os bancos de capacitores, além de determinar os tipos, potência nominal e em quais fases eles devem ser alocados, atendendo a restrições físicas e operacionais das redes elétricas, juntamente com os padrões da qualidade de fornecimento normatizados pelas agências reguladoras do setor. Também deve-se definir o esquema de controle, ou seja, quando os bancos capacitivos variáveis devem operar em diferentes níveis de carregamentos. A alocação de bancos de capacitores em sistemas de distribuição é um problema de programação não-linear inteiro misto, não convexo, de difícil solução através de técnicas clássicas de otimização, pela sua natureza combinatória, devido o aumento no número de variáveis inteiras envolvidas na solução de problemas de médio e grande porte. Neste trabalho, propõe-se para a sua solução a meta-heurística de Evolução Diferencial (ED), que deve fornecer a localização e dimensionamento dos bancos de capacitores fixos e chaveados ao longo dos alimentadores primários, em sistemas de distribuição radiais trifásicos e desbalanceados. A alocação deve atender aos critérios de mínimo custo de investimento e operação do sistema, dados pela soma do custo de aquisição, instalação e manutenção dos bancos de capacitores, mais o custo de perdas ativas no sistema além de melhorar o fator de potência. São apresentados neste trabalho, resu... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The optimal allocation problem of capacitor bank in radial distribution systems is to define the bus where the capacitor banks must be allocated, furthermore determine the types, nominal power and which phase they must be allocated as they attended the physical and the operational constraints of power systems in conjunction with the supplier quality standards normalized by the sector regulatory agencies. Moreover, you must define the check schema, in the words, when the variable capacitor banks must operate at different load levels. The allocation of capacitor banks in distribution systems it's a not convex mixed integer nonlinear programming problem with a difficult solution through classical optimization techniques due to the increase of integer variables involved in the solution of large and medium-size problems. This works proposes for the solution, a metaheuristic based on Differential Evolution (DE) which provide the location and the sizing of fixed capacitor banks, switched over the primary feeders in unbalanced three-phase radial distribution systems, with the aim of minimizing the total investment and the system operation cost, given by sum of acquisition cost, installation and maintenance of capacitor banks, plus the cost of active losses in the system and to im-prove the power factor. Results for a 135-bus unbalanced three-phase system are presented. / Mestre