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Η ραγδαία ανάπτυξη της τεχνολογίας όπως είναι φανερό δεν άφησε ανεπηρέαστο τον τομέα των τηλεπικοινωνιών. Κάνοντας μια ιστορική αναδρομή στις ασύρματες επικοινωνίες διαπιστώνουμε τις θεωρίες του Faraday και του Maxwell οι οποίες αποτέλεσαν για τους Hertz και Marconi το υπόβαθρο για τις πρώτες σημαντικές εφαρμογές. Επίσης, γίνεται αναφορά στον τρόπο διάδοσης των ηλεκτρομαγνητικών κυμάτων καθώς και σε φαινόμενα διάθλασης και ανάκλασης που παρατηρούνται κατά τη μετάδοση αυτών. Καθοριστική επίδραση στα φαινόμενα αυτά αποδεικνύεται να έχει η ιονόσφαιρα. Ιδιαίτερη αναφορά γίνεται στα διάφορα μοντέλα διάδοσης ραδιοσήματος γνωστά ως RF models και στα διάφορα βασικά χαρακτηριστικά αυτών τα οποία και αναλύονται. Με βάση τις ιδιότητες αυτών των μοντέλων σε συνδυασμό με τις γεωγραφικές και λοιπές διαφοροποιήσεις κάθε περιοχής γίνεται η επιλογή του καταλληλότερου μοντέλου από τον ερευνητή. Το βασικό θεωρητικό μοντέλο είναι αυτό του ελεύθερου χώρου και είναι εξαιρετικά χρήσιμο καθώς με εφαρμογή του τύπου του προκύπτει η τιμή της μέσης εξασθένησης που αποτελεί και την τιμή αναφοράς για τη σύγκριση με τα υπόλοιπα μοντέλα. Το 1982 έχουμε την ουσιαστική αντικατάσταση της πρώτης αναλογικής γενιάς κινητής τηλεφωνίας από τη δεύτερη ψηφιακή γενιά που σήμανε και τη γέννηση του GSM. Η τεχνολογία GSM εξασφαλίζει πληθώρα υπηρεσιών δεδομένων επιλύοντας προβλήματα περιορισμού της εμβέλειας των κινητών εντός των συνόρων καθώς και περιορισμούς του τεχνικού εξοπλισμού στα ιδιαίτερα χαρακτηριστικά του κάθε συστήματος κινητής τηλεφωνίας. Παρατηρώντας την αρχιτεκτονική του GSM δικτύου ιδιαίτερη προσοχή δίνεται σε ζητήματα ραδιο-ζεύξης και σε άλλα ζητήματα δικτύου. Τέλος, μέσω πειραματικών μετρήσεων που πραγματοποιήθηκαν στη περιοχή Πατρών με στόχο τον προσδιορισμό της έντασης του σήματος που καταφθάνει στο δέκτη προκύπτουν σημαντικά συμπεράσματα σχετικά με παράγοντες που συμβάλλουν στην εξασθένηση του σήματος. Εμπόδια που παρεμβάλλονται μεταξύ πομπού και δέκτη αποτελούν μία κύρια αιτία εξασθένησης, ενώ την εμφάνισή του κάνει και το φαινόμενο Doppler. / The rapid development of technology as it appears did not leave unaffected the sector of telecommunications. Making a historical overview of wireless communications we can see the theories of Faraday and Maxwell that were for Hertz, and Marconi the basis for the first important applications. Also reference is made to the method of dissemination of electromagnetic waves as well as reflection and refraction phenomena observed during their transmission. It has been demonstrated that ionosphere has decisive influence on these phenomena. Particular reference is made to the various models of radio signal transmission known as RF models and to their several key features which are also analyzed. Based on the properties of these models in combination with the geographical and other variations of each area the choice of the best model is made by the researcher. The basic theoretical model is that of free space and is very useful as by implementation of its formula the average value of attenuation can be found which is the reference value for comparison with other models. In 1982, we have the substantial replacement of the first analogue generation mobile telephony by the second digital generation which marked also the birth of GSM. The GSM technology provides multiple data services solving many problems that have to do with limiting the range of mobiles within borders and limitations of the technical equipment to the specific characteristics of each mobile communication system. Looking at the architecture of GSM network special attention is given to issues of radio link and other network issues. Finally, through experimental measurements made in the area of Patras to identify the intensity of the signal that arrives at the receiver important conclusions come up about factors that contribute to the attenuation of the signal. Obstacles between transmitter and receiver are a main cause of attenuation, while the phenomenon Doppler makes also its appearance.

Special effects (SFX) for film, television, and any type of video are usually digital, practical, or a mix of both. Animatronics is the use of robotics to mimic living movements, which is often used in the SFX industry. Currently, there is a gap between practical and digital effects, which means that post-production of practical effects leads to an inefficient workload. A robot is recorded on video, and if any digital enhancements or corrections are needed, the digital artists must start from nothing but the recorded video. Since the practical effects – controlling the animatronic- are using RC signals to manipulate servomotors, there is movement information that could be used to “record” movement into a digital space. This thesis project aims to create a way to bridge the gap between digital and physical by translating RC signals into digital animation. The RC signals used in this project were sent via a Taranis remote control, mixed using Open-TX software, and then translated into a digital animation rig in the 3D software Blender.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:31:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Eduardo Pinto de Oliveira.pdf: 2067309 bytes, checksum: 3dc805f0ad9724f8d04d0359795ed071 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-13 / The objective of this work is to present the metrics of performance evaluation in Broadband Wireless Access (BWA). To achieve this goal it was necessary to build a Framework of network management customized to the equipment used. It was applied the knowledge in signals propagation of radio frequency (RF), radio planning of cellular systems, network management and statistical analyses. In the realization of the tests for the data collect it was configured a setup of tests with one Radio Base Station (BTS) and two Remote Stations (RS) located in the Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica de Campinas (PUC Campinas). It was used a technology commercially named as Pre-Wireless Interoperability of Multiple Accesses (Pre-WiMAX), operating in 5.8 GHz. This technology uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) as multiplex technique and Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) as an access control to the media. In the development, it is presented a set of metrics related to the signals propagation by RF. The data collect was executed using the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP). The performance evaluation has considered the measures realized and its analytic and statistic treatments for a long time. By using the results of the measures, it was built the metrics that allow the evaluation of the performance in this network type, such as: link efficiency, throughput, bit error rate (BER), frame error rate (FER) and packet error rate (PER), among others. The work, as a whole, presents a strategy of practical evaluation applicable to BWA networks, creating indicators for decision-makings. To validate and complement the work it was done an Quality of Service (QoS) evaluation according to the International Telecommunication Union - Telecommunication sector (ITU-T) and the International Engineering Task Force (IETF) comparing the results with and without prioritization of Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) service . / O objetivo deste trabalho ? apresentar m?tricas de avalia??o de desempenho em Broadband Wireless Networks (BWA). Para atingir este objetivo foi necess?ria a constru??o de um Framework de ger?ncia de redes customizado aos equipamentos utilizados. Foram aplicados os conhecimentos de propaga??o de sinais de r?dio freq??ncia (RF), planejamento de sistemas celulares, gerenciamento de redes e an?lise estat?stica. Na realiza??o dos testes para a coleta de dados foi configurado um setup de testes com uma Esta??o R?dio Base (ERB) e duas Esta??es Remotas (ER), localizadas na Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica de Campinas (PUC Campinas). Para a valida??o da metodologia foi utilizada uma tecnologia denominada comercialmente como Pre-Wireless Interoperability of Multiple Accesses (Pre-WiMAX), operando em 5.8 GHz. Esta tecnologia utiliza Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) como t?cnica de multiplexa??o e Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) como controle de acesso ao meio. No desenvolvimento ? apresentado um conjunto de m?tricas, referentes ? propaga??o de sinais por RF. A coleta de dados foi efetuada utilizando Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP). A avalia??o de desempenho considerou as medidas realizadas e o seu tratamento anal?tico e estat?stico por longos per?odos de tempo. Com a utiliza??o dos resultados de medidas, foram constru?das as m?tricas que permitem avaliar o desempenho deste tipo de rede, tais como: efici?ncia de link, throughput, bit error rate (BER), frame error rate (FER), packet error rate (PER), entre outras. O trabalho como um todo apresenta uma estrat?gia de avalia??o pr?tica e aplic?vel a redes BWA, criando indicadores para tomadas de decis?o. Para validar e complementar o trabalho foi efetuada uma avalia??o de Quality of Service (QoS) segundo a International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication sector (ITU-T) e a International Engineering Task Force (IETF) com a compara??o de resultados sem e com prioriza??o do servi?o Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP).