The post-Paleozoic history of the silica cycle involves just two groups of marine plankton, radiolarians and diatoms. I apply paleobiological methods to better understand the Cenozoic evolution of both groups. The Cenozoic rise in diatom diversity has long been related to a concurrent decline in radiolarian test silicification. I address evolutionary questions on both sides of this coevolutionary coin: Was the taxonomic diversification of diatoms accompanied by morphological diversification? Is our view of morphological diatom diversification affected by sampling biases? What evolutionary mechanisms underlie the macroevolutionary decline in radiolarian silicification? Conventionally, diatom diversification describes a steep, monotonic rise, a view recently questioned due to sampling bias. For a different perspective, I constructed a diatom morphospace based on discrete characters, populated through time using an occurrence-level database. Distances between taxa in morphospace and on a molecular phylogeny are not strongly correlated, suggesting that morphospace was explored early in their evolutionary history, followed by relative stasis. I quantified morphospace occupancy through time using several disparity metrics. Metrics describing average separation of taxa show stasis, while metrics describing occupied volume show an increase with time. Disparity metrics are also subject to sampling biases. Under subsampling, I find that disparity metrics show varied responses: metrics describing separation of taxa into morphospace are unaffected, while those describing occupied volume lose their clear increases. Disparity can have geographic components, analogous to \(\alpha\) and \(\beta\) taxonomic diversity; I find more evidence of stasis in an analysis of \(\bar{\alpha}\) disparity. Overall, these results suggest stasis in Cenozoic diatom disparity. The radiolarian decline in silicification could result from either macroevolutionary processes operating above the species level (punctuated queilibria) or anagenetic changes within lineages. I measured silicification in three phyletic lineages, Stichocorys, Didymocyrtis, and Centrobotrys, from four tropical Pacific DSDP sites. Likelihood-based model fitting finds no strong support for directional evolution, pointing toward selection among species, rather than within species. Each lineage shows a different trajectory, perhaps due to differences in the ecological role played by the test. Because Stichocorys shows close correspondence to the assemblage-level trend, abundance may be an important factor through which within-lineage changes can influence the macroevolutionary pattern. / Earth and Planetary Sciences

Neste estudo são apresentados os dados obtidos de microfósseis, foraminíferos e radiolários, em dois poços 1-MAS-12 e 1-MAS-16, nas formações Ilha de Santana e Travosas, do Grupo Humberto de Campos, Bacia Pará-Maranhão. Com base no estudo de foraminíferos constatou-se a idade Turoniana-Maastrichtiana, para os depósitos analisados. Dos foraminíferos planctônicos, os mais abundantes foram Archeoglobigerina blowi e Heterohelix globulosa. Dentre as formas bentônicas, a mais presente foi Gavelinella pertusa. Dos radiolários foram reconhecidos Histiastrum latum, Orbiculiforma sp., Pseudoaulophacus sp. e Dictyomitra multicostata. Observou-se o predomínio das formas planctônicas em relação às bentônicas, sendo os picos de abundância de foraminíferos e radiolários indicativos de alta produtividade orgânica e eventos de ressurgência. / The data presented here were obtained from foraminifera and radiolaria microfossils present in two wells: 1-MAS-12 and 1-MAS-16, inside at Ilha de Santana e Travosas formation, Humberto de Campos Group, Pará-Maranhão Basin. It was possible to infere, from the analysed samples, the Turonian-Maastrichtian age of the deposits. Among the planktonic foraminifera, the more abundant were Archeoglobigerina blowi e Heterohelix globulosa. Among the bentonic, it was the Gavelinella pertusa. Of the radiolaria were recognized Histiastrum latum, Orbiculiforma sp., Pseudoautophacus sp. e Dictyomitra multicostata. It was observed that the planktonic forms were prevalent over the bentonic. The foraminífera and radiolaria abundance peaks are indicative of high organic productivity and upwelling events.

Neste estudo são apresentados os dados obtidos de microfósseis, foraminíferos e radiolários, em dois poços 1-MAS-12 e 1-MAS-16, nas formações Ilha de Santana e Travosas, do Grupo Humberto de Campos, Bacia Pará-Maranhão. Com base no estudo de foraminíferos constatou-se a idade Turoniana-Maastrichtiana, para os depósitos analisados. Dos foraminíferos planctônicos, os mais abundantes foram Archeoglobigerina blowi e Heterohelix globulosa. Dentre as formas bentônicas, a mais presente foi Gavelinella pertusa. Dos radiolários foram reconhecidos Histiastrum latum, Orbiculiforma sp., Pseudoaulophacus sp. e Dictyomitra multicostata. Observou-se o predomínio das formas planctônicas em relação às bentônicas, sendo os picos de abundância de foraminíferos e radiolários indicativos de alta produtividade orgânica e eventos de ressurgência. / The data presented here were obtained from foraminifera and radiolaria microfossils present in two wells: 1-MAS-12 and 1-MAS-16, inside at Ilha de Santana e Travosas formation, Humberto de Campos Group, Pará-Maranhão Basin. It was possible to infere, from the analysed samples, the Turonian-Maastrichtian age of the deposits. Among the planktonic foraminifera, the more abundant were Archeoglobigerina blowi e Heterohelix globulosa. Among the bentonic, it was the Gavelinella pertusa. Of the radiolaria were recognized Histiastrum latum, Orbiculiforma sp., Pseudoautophacus sp. e Dictyomitra multicostata. It was observed that the planktonic forms were prevalent over the bentonic. The foraminífera and radiolaria abundance peaks are indicative of high organic productivity and upwelling events.

Neste estudo são apresentados os dados obtidos de microfósseis, foraminíferos e radiolários, em dois poços 1-MAS-12 e 1-MAS-16, nas formações Ilha de Santana e Travosas, do Grupo Humberto de Campos, Bacia Pará-Maranhão. Com base no estudo de foraminíferos constatou-se a idade Turoniana-Maastrichtiana, para os depósitos analisados. Dos foraminíferos planctônicos, os mais abundantes foram Archeoglobigerina blowi e Heterohelix globulosa. Dentre as formas bentônicas, a mais presente foi Gavelinella pertusa. Dos radiolários foram reconhecidos Histiastrum latum, Orbiculiforma sp., Pseudoaulophacus sp. e Dictyomitra multicostata. Observou-se o predomínio das formas planctônicas em relação às bentônicas, sendo os picos de abundância de foraminíferos e radiolários indicativos de alta produtividade orgânica e eventos de ressurgência. / The data presented here were obtained from foraminifera and radiolaria microfossils present in two wells: 1-MAS-12 and 1-MAS-16, inside at Ilha de Santana e Travosas formation, Humberto de Campos Group, Pará-Maranhão Basin. It was possible to infere, from the analysed samples, the Turonian-Maastrichtian age of the deposits. Among the planktonic foraminifera, the more abundant were Archeoglobigerina blowi e Heterohelix globulosa. Among the bentonic, it was the Gavelinella pertusa. Of the radiolaria were recognized Histiastrum latum, Orbiculiforma sp., Pseudoautophacus sp. e Dictyomitra multicostata. It was observed that the planktonic forms were prevalent over the bentonic. The foraminífera and radiolaria abundance peaks are indicative of high organic productivity and upwelling events.

We present an implicit approach for constructing smooth isolated or interconnected 3-D inscribed volumes which can be employed for volumetric modeling of various kinds of spongy or porous structures, such as volcanic rocks, pumice stones, Cancellus bones *, liquid or dry foam, radiolarians, cheese, and other similar materials. The inscribed volumes can be represented in their normal or positive forms to model natural pebbles or pearls, or in their inverted or negative forms to be used in porous structures, but regardless of their types, their smoothness and sizes are controlled by the user without losing the consistency of the shapes. We introduce two techniques for blending and creating interconnections between these inscribed volumes to achieve a great flexibility to adapt our approach to different types of porous structures, whether they are regular or irregular. We begin with a set of convex polytopes such as 3-D Voronoi diagram cells and compute inscribed volumes bounded by the cells. The cells can be irregular in shape, scale, and topology, and this irregularity transfers to the inscribed volumes, producing natural-looking spongy structures. Describing the inscribed volumes with implicit functions gives us a freedom to exploit volumetric surface combinations and deformations operations effortlessly / Graduate