This diploma thesis deals with a new concept of maintenance and operation of production technologies, where spare parts are manufactured using rapid prototyping methods. The options are compared with currently used methods. Furthermore, methodological recommendations are written on how to proceed with the application. The aim of the work is to evaluate the concept and confirm the theoretical assumptions on a case study.

This thesis deals with the construction of an active transtibial prosthesis for recreational swimming. Its aim is to create a working sample of such a prosthesis. The device will primarily serve the patient to move in water - it will be attached to the stump and it will be driven forward. Secondarily, the prosthesis can be used for walking, in the sense that the patient attaches the prosthesis near to a water surface (pool, lake, ocean) and comes with it to the shore. As part of the design and electronics it will be necessary to determine the characteristics of the human resistance in water depending on speed and to determine the necessary propulsion (thrust) strength of the propeller, which will serve as the driving force. Subsequently there will be formed structural variants and selected the best one. This will become default for design and construction of simplified testing device, which will be tested for static thrust. After verifying the functionality and reliability, the final functional sample will be manufactured and tested too.

Les technologies d’imagerie médicale permettent de visualiser pathologies et traumatismes. Cependant, même si cette imagerie permet des vues perspectives dynamiques, elle reste du domaine du 3D virtuel puisque sur un écran 2D. Une réplique présente dès lors un avantage certain : elle rend palpable la notion d'échelle et de volume et apparents des détails cachés ou ambigus et ainsi améliore ou facilite le diagnostic et la solution chirurgicale.Le prototypage rapide permet la fabrication d'une réplique à partir d'un fichier CAO issu des données d'imagerie, mais ce procédé n'est pour l'instant appliqué qu'à des cas très spécifiques. Nos travaux montrent qu'il peut l'être avec profit en orthopédie et traumatologie à des cas chirurgicaux certes complexes mais courants, et passer du laboratoire de recherche à l'établissement hospitalier.Une méthodologie est définie visant à passer des données DICOM3 à une réplique en ABS par prototypage rapide par dépôt de fil fondu via une reconstruction 3D numérique à l'aide de logiciels dédiés. Une étude de capabilité, transposable à tout procédé, quantifie la réponse et la fidélité de la machine et les paramètres optimaux. Trois applications (à partir de la tomographie RX) sont présentées à travers trois cas cliniques (ostéotomie, arthroplastie, trochléoplastie).Les exemples montrent que le procédé s'avère pertinent (et économiquement raisonnable) dès qu’il est question de géométrie complexe, de matérialisation du relief et d’appréciation d’un volume osseux. La représentation objective de l’échelle des volumes en constitue le point fort et l'intérêt est indéniable dans nombre de domaines de la chirurgie orthopédique et traumatologique. / The medical imaging technologies allow the visualization of diseases and injuries. However, even if dynamic perspective ones, these views remain a virtual 3D visualization because on a 2D screen. Real replicas have therefore a definite advantage: they can make palpable the notion of scale and volume and apparent hidden or ambiguous details and thus enhance or facilitate the diagnosis and the surgical solution.The rapid prototyping allows to achieve a replica from a CAD file issued from imaging data but this process is now only applied to specific cases. Our work shows that it can be applied with profit for complex but usual orthopaedic and trauma surgery cases. It can be so transfered from the research laboratory to the hospital.A methodology is defined to manufacture an ABS replica through rapid prototyping by fused deposition modelling from DICOM3 data and digital 3D reconstructions using dedicated software. The study of the capability, transferable to any process, quantifies the response and the accuracy of the machine and the optimal parameters. Three applications (from CT-scan) are presented through three clinical cases (osteotomy, arthroplasty and trochleoplasty) . The examples show that the method is appropriate (and economically reasonable) when it comes to complex geometry or assessment of bone volume. The objective representation of the volumes is the strength of the method and the interest is undeniable in many areas of orthopaedic surgery and traumatology.