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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Caracterização do combustível para reatores nucleares produtores de hidrogênio / Caracterização do combustível para reatores nucleares produtores de hidrogênio / Fuel characterization for hydrogen-producing nuclear reactors / Fuel characterization for hydrogen-producing nuclear reactors

Kelly Cristina Martins Faêda 10 March 2011 (has links)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Reatores nucleares de 4 geração do tipo HTGR (reatores de alta temperatura refrigerados a gás) apresentam vantagens em relação a um reator a água pressurizada, do tipo de Angra I e II, como maior eficiência térmica, possibilidade de atingir queimas do combustível dez vezes mais altas e de troca de combustível com o reator em marcha. Devido à alta temperatura do núcleo do reator, eles também são considerados para a produção de hidrogênio, além da produção de energia elétrica. A produção do hidrogênio significa a inserção em um novo mercado para as operadoras das centrais nucleares, com características diferentes do mercado de eletricidade. Esse fato requer um longo preparo das operadoras, porque a compatibilização desses dois mercados na operação das centrais nucleares certamente será uma tarefa complexa. No caso brasileiro, o fornecimento de hidrogênio para o refino do petróleo pode ser o nicho mais claro para a introdução dos reatores nucleares produtores de hidrogênio. No caso do processo de fabricação do combustível nuclear, as caracterizações são realizadas com o intuito de garantir a minimização dos efeitos danosos da queima e da temperatura, de tal forma a assegurar o confinamento dos produtos de fissão e manter o combustível funcionando durante o tempo de sua permanência no núcleo do reator. Contudo a questão metrológica não tem recebido atenção suficiente. Neste trabalho é apresentado o estado da arte do desenvolvimento relativo à produção de hidrogênio por reatores nucleares e uma abordagem para o caso do Brasil. Adicionalmente, foi feito um estudo das técnicas de caracterizações relacionadas com algumas das principais propriedades do combustível nuclear, que são as mais críticas para o seu desempenho. Foram feitos estudos visando à otimização de rotinas experimentais para determinação densidadade, porosidade aberta, difusividade térmica, condutividade térmica e calor específico de pastilhas de UO2. Os valores obtidos nas medições realizadas apresentaram diferenças em relação aos valores reportados na literatura. Uma causa para essa diferença pode ser devido à presença de uma fase com relação O/U maior que 2 nas amostras utilizadas. Embora a difração de raios X não tenha sido capaz de identificar outras fases nas amostras de UO2, a espectroscopia na região do infravermelho se mostrou bastante sensível à presença dessas fases. Sugere-se que esta técnica, devido à sua facilidade experimental, seja incluída nas rotinas de caracterização de UO2, de forma a completar as informações fornecidas pela termogravimetria e a difração de raios X. / HTGR nuclear reactors of the 4th generation have advantages in relation to a pressurized water reactor, like Angra I and II, as higher thermal efficiency, ability to reach burnups ten times higher, and fuel reloading with the reactor running at full power. Due to the high temperature of the reactor core, they are also considered for the production of hydrogen, besides electricity. This work presents a review of the state of the art of developments related to hydrogen production by nuclear reactors and an approach to the case of Brazil. The hydrogen production means the insertion into a new market for nuclear power plants operators with different characteristics from the electricity market. This fact requires a lengthy preparation of the operators, because the convergence of these two markets in the operation of nuclear plants will certainly be a complex task. In Brazil, the supply of hydrogen for oil refining may be the clearest target for the introduction of hydrogen-producing nuclear reactors. In the case of the manufacturing process of nuclear fuel, the characterizations are performed in order to ensure the minimization of the harmful effects of burnups and temperature, so as to ensure the containment of fission products and keep the fuel working during the time of its operation in the reactor core. However, the metrological issues have not received enough attention. In this work characterizations were discussed related to the thermophysical properties of fuel, which are most critical to fuel performance. Studies were conducted focusing on the optimization of experimental procedures. Methodologies are presented to measure the thermal diffusivity, thermal conductivity and specific heat of UO2. The values obtained in the measurements showed significant differences from the oves reported in the literature. One cause for this difference may be due to the presence of a phase with a O / U relation greater than two in the UO2 samples used. Although the X-ray diffraction has not been able to identify other phases in the samples beside UO2, the infrared spectroscopy was very sensitive to the presence of these phases. It is suggested that this technique, because of their experimental facility, is included in the routine characterization of UO2, in order to supplement the information provided by thermogravimetry and X-ray diffraction.
2

Novel reactors for multiphase processes

Bhatelia, Tejas Jagdish January 2009 (has links)
Process intensification tools, such as the capillary reactor, offer several benefits to the chemical process industries due to the well-defined high specific interfacial area available for heat and mass transfer, which increases the transfer rates, and due to low inventories, they also enhance the safety of the process. This has provided motivation to investigate three such tools, namely the capillary microreactor, spinning disc and rotating tube reactors, in this study. / The gas-liquid slug flow capillary microreactor intensifies reactor performance through internal circulation caused by the shear between the continuous phase/wall surface and the slug axis, which enhances the diffusivity and consequently increases the reaction rates. However, integrating the complex hydrodynamics of this reactor with its chemical kinetics is a mathematically challenging task. Therefore, in this study, a simple-to-complex approach, using a set of state-of-the-art computational fluid dynamic tools, has been used. Firstly, simulations were performed without any chemical reaction to ascertain the extent of slug flow regime. The model also clearly captured the slug flow generation mechanism which can be used to structurally optimize the angle of entry in these reactors. Finally, the hydrodynamic model was also capable of estimating the pressure drop and slug lengths. After successfully simulating the hydrodynamics of the system, a reaction model was incorporated to study the chemical reaction kinetics. The results were compared with the published experimental work and were found to be in good agreement. / The spinning disc reactor utilizes the centrifugal and shear forces to generate thin liquid films characterized with intense interfering waves. This enables a very high heat transfer coefficients to be realized between the disc and liquid, as well as very high mass transfer between the liquid and the bulk gas phase. The waves formed also produce an intense local mixing with very little back mixing. This makes a spinning disc reactor an ideal contactor for multiphase processes. The focus of this study has been to elucidate the hydrodynamic behaviour of the liquid film flow over the horizontal spinning disc. Investigations were also performed to elaborate the local and overall hydrodynamic characteristics of a fully developed spinning disc reactor. Simulation results showed a continuous linear liquid film on the horizontal spinning disc and intense mixing performance in the annulus of the reactor around the disc surface. Finally, the film thickness data from the simulations were compared with the limited amount of data available for this novel process. / Rotating tube reactor also uses centrifugal forces to generate the liquid film and a high degree of mixing along with an improved control over the reactant retention times. In this work we have conducted a CFD analysis to understand the hydrodynamics of this new technology for future developments.
3

Desenvolvimento de microrreatores para produção de hidrogênio e gás de síntese a partir da reação de pirólise da glicerina aplicando laser de CO2 / Development microreactos for hydrogen and syngas production from glycerol pyrolysis by CO2 laser

Peres, Ana Paula Gimenez, 1985- 12 February 2014 (has links)
Orientadores: Rubens Maciel Filho, André Luiz Jardini Munhoz, Betânia Hoss Lunelli / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T10:23:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Peres_AnaPaulaGimenez_D.pdf: 3966242 bytes, checksum: a5d9efcc4a345b82183bab53e34a3ebd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Dentre as rotas alternativas e novas fontes sustentáveis de energia, a biomassa vem se tornando uma opção com potencial para atender a crescente demanda por energia e combustíveis. Como exemplo de fonte renovável, podemos citar o biodiesel, uma das fontes de energia limpa e alternativa mais promissora, cuja produção mundial vem crescendo anualmente. Neste contexto, a geração de hidrogênio e gás de síntese a partir da glicerina bruta tem sido considerada. O principal objetivo desta Tese foi projetar, fabricar e testar um microrreator para produção de hidrogênio a partir da pirólise da glicerina utilizando Laser de CO2 como fonte de energia. Para o cumprimento deste objetivo, quatro etapas principais foram desenvolvidas. A primeira delas foi a realização de estudos fluidodinâmicos do microrreator para a escolha da geometria mais favorável à distribuição do fluxo entre os microcanais. Nesta etapa foi possível quantificar o fluxo do gás nos microcanais e escolher a geometria de acordo com o menor valor no desvio padrão relativo apresentado pela geometria do microrreator. Contudo, neste trabalho, o modelo de microrreator com microcanais internos apresentado não será aplicado, pois de acordo com o objetivo principal da Tese - produção de hidrogênio e gás de síntese a partir da pirólise da glicerina aplicando o laser de CO2 - a radiação do laser deverá atingir diretamente a superfície da amostra (glicerina). Na segunda etapa, através da tecnologia de prototipagem rápida/impressão 3D foi fabricado o protótipo do microrreator e a partir desse protótipo foi fabricado o microrreator a partir do método convencional de usinagem. Na terceira etapa, os parâmetros do laser de CO2, tais como potência, velocidade de varredura e tempo de incidência foram avaliados, através de simulações computacionais. A partir da variável de resposta - geração de calor na amostra - foi possível identificar que a potência do laser de CO2 é a variável com maior influência na geração de calor. Na etapa final, experimentos de pirólise da glicerina foram realizados no microrreator com laser de CO2. Os resultados mostraram significantes conversões para a produção de hidrogênio e gás de síntese. A potência do laser de CO2 foi a variável operacional mais importante. Uma conversão na faixa de 54 a 66 % foi obtida quando uma potência de 60 W foi aplicada / Abstract : Motivated to solve the problems caused by the use of non-renewable fuels, scientists around the world seek ways to develop renewable energy that can reduce these impacts in Earth's atmosphere. Among the alternative routes and new sustainable energy sources, biomass is becoming a potential with option to meet the growing demand for energy and fuel. As a renewable source of one example, biodiesel, one of the sources of clean energy and more promising alternative, whose world production is increasing annually. In this context, the generation of hydrogen and syngas from crude glycerol has been considered. Therefore, the objective of this thesis was to design, fabricate and test a microreactor for hydrogen production from glycerol pyrolysis using CO2 laser as a source of energy. To achieve this objective, four main steps were developed. Firstly, studies of the fluid dynamic behavior of microreactor was conducted for choosing the most favorable geometry to flow distribution among microchannels. At this point it was possible to quantify the internal gas flow in the microchannels and to select the geometry with the lowest value in the relative standard deviation. However, in this thesis, the model of microreactor with internal microchannels presented will not be applied, because according to the main objective of the thesis - the production of hydrogen and synthesis gas from pyrolysis of the glycerol applying the CO2 laser - laser radiation should directly reach the surface of the sample (glycerol). In the second step, by rapid prototyping technology/3D printing was made the microreactor of the prototype and from the prototype that was manufactured the microreactor from conventional machining method. In the third step, the CO2 laser parameters such as power, sweep rate and incidence of time were evaluated through computer simulations. From the response variable - heat generation in the sample - we found that the power of the CO2 laser is the variable with the greatest influence on the generation of heat. In the final step, glycerol pyrolysis experiments were performed in the microreactor with CO2 laser. The results showed significant conversions for the production of hydrogen and synthesis gas. The power of the CO2 laser is the most important operational variable. A conversion in the range 54-66% was obtained when an output of 60 W was applied / Doutorado / Engenharia Química / Doutora em Engenharia Quimica

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