INTRODUÇÃO: Recidivas locais e loco-regionais são as principais causas de falha do tratamento em pacientes portadores de carcinomas epidermóides de boca e orofaringe. A cirurgia de resgate é geralmente a melhor opção terapêutica para esses pacientes. Esse estudo tem por objetivo avaliar a importância prognóstica da expressão das proteínas EGFR, MMP-2, MMP-9 e VEGF em pacientes com recidiva local submetidos à cirurgia de resgate. CASUÍSTICA E MÉTODOS: Os prontuários de 111 pacientes portadores de recorrência local de carcinomas epidermóides de boca e orofaringe foram analisados de forma retrospectiva. A localização do tumor primário foi o lábio em 10 casos (9%), a cavidade oral em 68 (61%) e a orofaringe em 33 (30%). O tratamento prévio foi cirurgia em 33 casos (30%), radioterapia associada ou não à quimioterapia baseada em cisplatina em 46 (41%) e cirurgia com radioterapia adjuvante em 32 (29%). A expressão das proteínas EGFR, MMP-2, MMP-9 and VEGF foi avaliada com a técnica do Tissue Microarray. RESULTADOS: O intervalo livre de doença variou de 0,89 a 140,9 meses, com uma mediana de 6,87 meses. As recidivas foram diagnosticadas em intervalo de tempo inferior a 1 ano em 69 pacientes (62,2%) e após 1 ano em 42 (37,8%). Os pacientes com intervalo livre de doença inferior a 1 ano apresentaram pior resultado de sobrevida (p=0,01). O estádio clínico da recidiva (rEC) foi I ou II em 31 casos (27,9%) e III ou IV em 80 (72,1%). Pacientes com doença em estádio clínico mais avançado (rEC III ou IV) apresentaram piores taxas de sobrevida específica por câncer (p=0,04). Hiper-expressão do EGFR foi associada a pior resultado do tratamento. Os casos com EGFR positivo obtiveram sobrevida específica por câncer em 3 anos de 27,2%, enquanto pacientes com EGFR negativo alcançaram 64,3% de sobrevida em 3 anos (p=0,001). A expressão das proteínas MMP-2, MMP-9 e VEGF não se mostrou significativa para o prognóstico (p=0,83, p=0,15 e p=0,86, respectivamente). Na análise multivariada, apenas o intervalo livre de doença e a expressão do EGFR foram associadas à maior risco de morte. CONCLUSÕES: Recidivas locais de carcinomas epidermóides de boca e orofaringe são associadas a mau prognóstico. Intervalo livre de doença superior a 1 ano e ausência de expressão do EGFR foram os principais fatores associados a melhores resultados de sobrevida específica por câncer em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de resgate. / INTRODUCTION: Local and regional relapses are the main sites of treatment failure in patients with oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. In these instances, salvage surgery is the most widely used treatment approach. The aim of this study is to analyze the prognostic effect of the expression of EGFR, MMP-2, MMP-9 and VEGF in patients with recurrent cancer sumitted to salvage surgery. METHODS: The charts of 111 patients with local recurrence of oral or oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas were retrospectively analyzed. The tumor sites were: the lip in 11 cases (9%), the oral cavity in 68 (61%) and the oropharynx in 33 (30%). The previous treatment was: Surgery in 33 patients (30%), radiotherapy with or without cisplatin based chemotherapy in 46 (41%) and surgery with adjuvant radiotherapy in 32 (29%). EGFR, MMP-2, MMP-9 and VEGF expressions were analyzed with tissue microarray immunohistochemical technique. RESULTS: The disease-free interval ranged from 0.89 to 140.9 months with a median of 6.87 months. The patients were categorized into two groups: Those with recurrence in less than 1 year (69 patients - 62.2%) and those with recurrence after 1 year (42 - 37.8%). The group with the shorter disease-free interval presented a worse prognosis (p=0.01). The clinical stage of recurrence (rCS) was I/II in 31 cases (27.9%) and III/IV in 80 cases (72.1%). Patients with more advanced diseases (rCS III/IV) had worse rates of cancer specific survival (CSS) than patients with rCS I/II (p=0.04). An over-expression of EGFR was associated with worse treatment results. Positive EGFR cases had a 3 year CSS of 27.2%, while EGFR negative patients had 64.3% (p=0.001). The MMP-2 and MMP-9 over-expression were also associated with a worse prognosis but without statistical significance (p=0.83 and p=0.15). VEGF expression did not show prognostic significance in this group of patients. In a multivariate analysis only the disease-free interval and over-expression of EGFR were associated with a higher risk of death. CONCLUSION: Local recurrence in oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas usually indicates an unfavorable prognosis. A disease-free interval greater than 1 year and a negative EGFR expression are the main prognostic factors which indicate a better cancer specific survival rate in patients submitted to salvage surgery.

Yau Mei-sze. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 96-112). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract / Abstract (Chinese Version) / Acknowledgements / List of Abbreviations / Table of Contents / List of Tables / List of Figures / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature Review / Chapter 2.1 --- Hepatocellular Carcinoma / Chapter 2.2 --- Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Activation of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Signaling Pathways / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Expression Level and Patient Survival / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Activity and Tumor Cell Growth / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Activity and Radiation / Chapter 2.3 --- "Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor, ZD1839" / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Tumor Cell Growth Control Activities of ZD1839 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Factors Affecting the Tumor Cell Growth Control Activities of ZD1839 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Radiosensitization Activities of ZD1839 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Factors Affecting the Radiosensitization Activities of ZD1839 / Chapter 2.4 --- Study Objectives / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Materials and Methods / Chapter 3.1 --- ZD1839 / Chapter 3.2 --- Cell lines and Cell Culture / Chapter 3.3 --- Immunoblot Analysis / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Total Protein Extraction / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Protein Amount Determination / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Protein Separation / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Blotting / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Antibody Labeling / Chapter 3.3.6 --- Detection of Antibody Binding / Chapter 3.4 --- Cytotoxicity Assay / Chapter 3.5 --- Nucleotide sequence analysis / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Total RNA Extraction / Chapter 3.5.2 --- RNA Amount Determination / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Reverse Transcription - Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) / Chapter 3.5.3.1 --- Reverse Transcription / Chapter 3.5.3.2 --- High Fidelity Polymerase Chain Reaction / Chapter 3.5.4 --- Purification of PCR Product / Chapter 3.5.5 --- Cycle Sequencing Reaction / Chapter 3.5.6 --- DNA Precipitation and Sequencing / Chapter 3.6 --- Clonogenic Assay / Chapter 3.7 --- Immunohistochemical Analysis / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Results / Chapter 4.1 --- Immunoblot Analysis / Chapter 4.2 --- Cytotoxicity Assay / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Effect of ZD 1839 on cell morphology / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Effect of ZD 1839 on cell growth / Chapter 4.3 --- Nucleotide sequence analysis / Chapter 4.3.1 --- RNA Concentration of HCC cells / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Sequencing of TK domain within EGFR / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Sequencing of TK domain within HER2 / Chapter 4.4 --- Clonogenic assay / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Effects of ZD 1839 pre-treatment on radiation response / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Effects of ZD 1839 continuous treatment on radiation response / Chapter 4.5 --- Immunohistochemical Analysis / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Discussion / Chapter 5.1 --- Important Findings / Chapter 5.2 --- EGFR Expression of HCC Cells / Chapter 5.3 --- Cytotoxicity of ZD1839 on HCC Cell Lines / Chapter 5.4 --- Factors Affecting the Cytotoxicity of ZD1839 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Effect of EGFR Expression on ZD1839 Cytotoxicity / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Effect of EGFR Mutations on ZD 1839 Cytotoxicity / Chapter 5.4.3 --- Effect of HER2 Expression on ZD1839 Cytotoxicity / Chapter 5.4.4 --- Effect of HER2 Mutations on ZD 1839 Cytotoxicity / Chapter 5.5 --- Radiation Response ofHCC Cell Lines upon ZD1839 Treatment / Chapter 5.6 --- Factors Affecting Radiation Response of ZD1839-treated HCC Cell Lines / Chapter 5.6.1 --- Effect of Growth Arrest on Radiation Response of HCC Cell Lines / Chapter 5.6.2 --- Other Factors Affecting Radiation Response of HCC Cell Lines / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Conclusion / References

INTRODUÇÃO: Recidivas locais e loco-regionais são as principais causas de falha do tratamento em pacientes portadores de carcinomas epidermóides de boca e orofaringe. A cirurgia de resgate é geralmente a melhor opção terapêutica para esses pacientes. Esse estudo tem por objetivo avaliar a importância prognóstica da expressão das proteínas EGFR, MMP-2, MMP-9 e VEGF em pacientes com recidiva local submetidos à cirurgia de resgate. CASUÍSTICA E MÉTODOS: Os prontuários de 111 pacientes portadores de recorrência local de carcinomas epidermóides de boca e orofaringe foram analisados de forma retrospectiva. A localização do tumor primário foi o lábio em 10 casos (9%), a cavidade oral em 68 (61%) e a orofaringe em 33 (30%). O tratamento prévio foi cirurgia em 33 casos (30%), radioterapia associada ou não à quimioterapia baseada em cisplatina em 46 (41%) e cirurgia com radioterapia adjuvante em 32 (29%). A expressão das proteínas EGFR, MMP-2, MMP-9 and VEGF foi avaliada com a técnica do Tissue Microarray. RESULTADOS: O intervalo livre de doença variou de 0,89 a 140,9 meses, com uma mediana de 6,87 meses. As recidivas foram diagnosticadas em intervalo de tempo inferior a 1 ano em 69 pacientes (62,2%) e após 1 ano em 42 (37,8%). Os pacientes com intervalo livre de doença inferior a 1 ano apresentaram pior resultado de sobrevida (p=0,01). O estádio clínico da recidiva (rEC) foi I ou II em 31 casos (27,9%) e III ou IV em 80 (72,1%). Pacientes com doença em estádio clínico mais avançado (rEC III ou IV) apresentaram piores taxas de sobrevida específica por câncer (p=0,04). Hiper-expressão do EGFR foi associada a pior resultado do tratamento. Os casos com EGFR positivo obtiveram sobrevida específica por câncer em 3 anos de 27,2%, enquanto pacientes com EGFR negativo alcançaram 64,3% de sobrevida em 3 anos (p=0,001). A expressão das proteínas MMP-2, MMP-9 e VEGF não se mostrou significativa para o prognóstico (p=0,83, p=0,15 e p=0,86, respectivamente). Na análise multivariada, apenas o intervalo livre de doença e a expressão do EGFR foram associadas à maior risco de morte. CONCLUSÕES: Recidivas locais de carcinomas epidermóides de boca e orofaringe são associadas a mau prognóstico. Intervalo livre de doença superior a 1 ano e ausência de expressão do EGFR foram os principais fatores associados a melhores resultados de sobrevida específica por câncer em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de resgate. / INTRODUCTION: Local and regional relapses are the main sites of treatment failure in patients with oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. In these instances, salvage surgery is the most widely used treatment approach. The aim of this study is to analyze the prognostic effect of the expression of EGFR, MMP-2, MMP-9 and VEGF in patients with recurrent cancer sumitted to salvage surgery. METHODS: The charts of 111 patients with local recurrence of oral or oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas were retrospectively analyzed. The tumor sites were: the lip in 11 cases (9%), the oral cavity in 68 (61%) and the oropharynx in 33 (30%). The previous treatment was: Surgery in 33 patients (30%), radiotherapy with or without cisplatin based chemotherapy in 46 (41%) and surgery with adjuvant radiotherapy in 32 (29%). EGFR, MMP-2, MMP-9 and VEGF expressions were analyzed with tissue microarray immunohistochemical technique. RESULTS: The disease-free interval ranged from 0.89 to 140.9 months with a median of 6.87 months. The patients were categorized into two groups: Those with recurrence in less than 1 year (69 patients - 62.2%) and those with recurrence after 1 year (42 - 37.8%). The group with the shorter disease-free interval presented a worse prognosis (p=0.01). The clinical stage of recurrence (rCS) was I/II in 31 cases (27.9%) and III/IV in 80 cases (72.1%). Patients with more advanced diseases (rCS III/IV) had worse rates of cancer specific survival (CSS) than patients with rCS I/II (p=0.04). An over-expression of EGFR was associated with worse treatment results. Positive EGFR cases had a 3 year CSS of 27.2%, while EGFR negative patients had 64.3% (p=0.001). The MMP-2 and MMP-9 over-expression were also associated with a worse prognosis but without statistical significance (p=0.83 and p=0.15). VEGF expression did not show prognostic significance in this group of patients. In a multivariate analysis only the disease-free interval and over-expression of EGFR were associated with a higher risk of death. CONCLUSION: Local recurrence in oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas usually indicates an unfavorable prognosis. A disease-free interval greater than 1 year and a negative EGFR expression are the main prognostic factors which indicate a better cancer specific survival rate in patients submitted to salvage surgery.

Poon, Fan Fong. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 109-124). / Abstract also in Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.v / Table of Content --- p.vi / List of Figures --- p.xi / List of Tables --- p.xiii / List of Abbreviations --- p.xiv / List of papers published during the study --- p.xvi / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction and Aim of Study --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- General Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Project objective and potential significances --- p.6 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature Reviews --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1 --- Cancer genetics --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Oncogenes and TSGs --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Kundsońةs two-hit event of cancer gene --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2 --- Cancer Epigenetics --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Types of Epigenetic regulation --- p.10 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- DNA methylation in TSGs --- p.10 / Chapter 2.2.2.1 --- Promoter CpG island in DNA methylation --- p.10 / Chapter 2.2.2.2 --- Protection system in DNA methylation --- p.11 / Chapter 2.2.2.3 --- Transcriptional silencing by DNA methylation --- p.11 / Chapter 2.2.2.4 --- DNA methylation of TSG silencing in cancers --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Hypomethylation of the cancer genome --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Clinical relevance of cancer epigenetic --- p.14 / Chapter 2.3 --- EGFR/STAT/SOCS pathway --- p.15 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- General Introduction of the EGFR pathway --- p.15 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- EGFR survival signaling pathways --- p.16 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- EGFR/STAT/SOCS signaling --- p.17 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- EGFR/STAT/SOCS signaling and cancers --- p.18 / Chapter 2.3.4.1 --- EGF and cancers --- p.18 / Chapter 2.3.4.2 --- EGFR/STAT/SOCS pathway and cancers --- p.18 / Chapter 2.3.4.3 --- EGF survival signaling as a target for cancer therapy --- p.19 / Chapter 2.4 --- TSGs in the EGFR/STAT/SOCS pathway --- p.20 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family --- p.20 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) family --- p.22 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Sprouty (SPRY) family --- p.23 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Protein Inhibitor of Activated STAT (PIASs) family --- p.25 / Chapter 2.4.5 --- Ras and Rab Interactor (RIN) family --- p.26 / Chapter 2.4.6 --- Ras-association domain family (RASSF) --- p.26 / Chapter 2.4.7 --- Glycine N-methyltransferase (GNMT) --- p.28 / Chapter 2.5 --- Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) --- p.30 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Epidemiology of NPC --- p.30 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Histopathology of NPC --- p.30 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- Genetic and epigenetic alteration in NPC --- p.31 / Chapter 2.5.4 --- EGFR signaling in NPC --- p.32 / Chapter 2.6 --- Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) --- p.33 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- Epidemiology of ESCC --- p.34 / Chapter 2.6.2 --- Histopathology of ESCC --- p.34 / Chapter 2.6.3 --- Genetic and epigenetic alteration in ESCC --- p.35 / Chapter 2.6.4 --- EGFR signaling in ESCC --- p.36 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Materials and Methods --- p.38 / Chapter 3.1 --- General Materials --- p.38 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- "Cell lines, tumor and normal tissue samples" --- p.38 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Maintenance of cell lines --- p.38 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Drugs treatment of cell lines --- p.39 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Total RNA extraction --- p.39 / Chapter 3.1.5 --- Genomic DNA extraction --- p.40 / Chapter 3.2 --- General techniques --- p.40 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA --- p.40 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- TA cloning and blunt end cloning of PCR product --- p.40 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Transformation of cloning products to E. coli competent cells --- p.41 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Preparation of plasmid DNA --- p.41 / Chapter 3.2.4.1 --- Mini-prep plasmid DNA extraction --- p.41 / Chapter 3.2.4.2 --- Midi-prep of plasmid DNA --- p.42 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Measurement of DNA or RNA concentrations --- p.42 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- DNA sequencing of plasmid DNA and PCR products --- p.42 / Chapter 3.3 --- Preparation of reagents and medium --- p.43 / Chapter 3.4 --- Semi-quatitative Reverse-Transcription (RT) PCR expression analysis --- p.44 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Reverse transcriptin reaction --- p.44 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Semi-quantitative RT-PCR --- p.44 / Chapter 3.4.2.1 --- Primers design --- p.44 / Chapter 3.4.2.2 --- PCR reaction --- p.46 / Chapter 3.5 --- Methylation analysis of candidate genes --- p.47 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Bisulfite treatment of genomic DNA --- p.47 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Methylation-specific PCR (MSP) --- p.48 / Chapter 3.5.2.1 --- Bioinformatics prediction of CpG island --- p.48 / Chapter 3.5.2.2 --- Primers design --- p.48 / Chapter 3.5.2.3 --- PCR reaction --- p.49 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Bisulfite Genomic Sequencing (BGS) --- p.50 / Chapter 3.6 --- Construction of expression vectors of candidate genes --- p.51 / Chapter 3.6.1 --- Sub-cloning of expression vector of candidate genes --- p.51 / Chapter 3.6.1.1 --- Mouse Socsl expression vector --- p.51 / Chapter 3.6.1.2 --- SPRY1 expression vector --- p.51 / Chapter 3.6.1.3 --- GNMT expression vector --- p.52 / Chapter 3.6.2 --- Restriction digestion of cloning vectors and expression --- p.52 / Chapter 3.6.3 --- Ligation of cloning fragments --- p.53 / Chapter 3.6.4 --- Colony formation assay on monolayer culture --- p.53 / Chapter 3.6.5 --- Statistical analysis --- p.54 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Screening of candidate TSGs in EGFR pathway --- p.55 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Restoration of GNMT expression by pharmacological demethylation --- p.89 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- Confirmation of the methylation status of GNMT promoter by BGS --- p.90 / Chapter 5.3.5 --- Methylation status of GNMT in ESCC and NPC primary tumors --- p.90 / Chapter 5.3.6 --- GNMT inhibited the growth of tumor cells in-vitro --- p.90 / Chapter 5.3.7 --- Discussion --- p.95 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- General Discussion --- p.100 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Summary --- p.105 / Chapter Chapter 8 --- Future Study --- p.107 / Reference --- p.109

INTRODUÇÃO: Os carcinomas HER-2 positivos representam cerca de 20- 30% de todos os tumores da mama e se caracterizam por curso clínico mais agressivo, com alta proliferação celular e resistência a apoptose, determinados por cascatas de sinalizações intracelulares, tais como a via PI3K/AKT. O trastuzumabe, um anticorpo monoclonal humanizado que se liga à molécula de HER-2, é o tratamento padrão destas pacientes. A resposta a monoterapia com trastuzumabe varia de 12-30% e a persistência da ativação da via PI3K/AKT é um dos mecanismos de resistência. A ativação do AKT começa com a fosforilação do PIP2 a PIP3 pela PI3K. A desfosforilação do PIP3 é mediada pela PTEN e sua deficiência é um dos fatores possivelmente implicados na resistência ao trastuzumabe. Além da resistência à terapêutica, os tumores HER-2 positivos são heterogêneos quanto ao seu comportamento biológico. A busca de diferentes padrões morfológicos e moleculares neste grupo de carcinomas pretende identificar subgrupos prognósticos e preditivos, permitindo a individualização terapêutica. OBJETIVOS: Estudar a expressão imunoistoquímica de duas moléculas da via de sinalização PI3K/AKT (PTEN e AKT fosforilada) e explorar a via de sinalização androgênica através da expressão do receptor de androgênio e dos perfis morfológico e molecular apócrinos. METODOLOGIA: O estudo foi retrospectivo com revisão dos preparados histológicos e construção de blocos de microarranjos com amostras dos tumores para estudo imunoistoquímico. Na revisão foram avaliados: tipo histológico, características morfológicas apócrinas, presença de componente in situ, graus histológico e nuclear, receptores de estrogênio e progesterona, e atividade proliferativa através da expressão imunoistoquímica do Ki-67. Os preparados histológicos foram submetidos à pesquisa de PTEN, AKT fosforilada e receptor de androgênio. Pacientes, familiares e médicos foram contatados para recuperação do seguimento e evolução. RESULTADOS: Foram estudadas 104 pacientes portadoras de carcinoma primário da mama. A expressão de PTEN esteve reduzida em 20/104 (19,2%) dos casos e foi mais freqüente nos tumores com AKT positivo (p= 0,06). O grupo de tumores sem perda de expressão de PTEN apresentou maior atividade proliferativa. A AKT foi positiva em 71/104 (68,3%) casos e se associou a maior grau de diferenciação e à expressão de receptor de androgênio. O receptor de androgênio foi positivo em 89/104 (85,6%) dos casos e esteve associado ao menor grau histológico (p=0,018), receptor de estrogênio (p=0,008) e menor atividade proliferativa (p=0,001). A ausência da expressão do receptor de estrogênio (perfil molecular apócrino) foi identificada em 41/104 casos (39,4%) e se associou a tumores com grau histológico mais alto. O perfil morfológico apócrino foi identificado em 71 (68,3%) dos casos e se associou a alto grau histológico e nuclear. O seguimento foi possível em 55 casos e observamos tendência a menor sobrevida livre de doença nos tumores AKTpositivos e RA-negativos. CONCLUSÕES: Nossos resultados comprovam a heterogeneidade dos carcinomas mamários HER-2 positivos e indicam diferenças em pelos menos duas vias de sinalização celulares como possíveis explicações para as mesmas: a via PI3K/AKT e a androgênica / BACKGROUND: HER-2 positive carcinomas represent about 20-30% of all breast tumors and are characterized by a more aggressive clinical course with high cell proliferation and apoptosis resistance, determined by cascades of intracellular signals, such as the PI3K/AKT pathway. Trastuzumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody that binds to HER-2 molecule, is the standard treatment for these patients. The response to monotherapy with trastuzumab ranges from 12-30% and the persistence of activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway is one of mechanisms of resistance. Activation of AKT begins with the phosphorylation of PIP2 to PIP3 by PI3K. The dephosphorylation of PIP3 is mediated by PTEN and its deficiency is one of the factors possibly involved in resistance to trastuzumab. In addition to resistance to therapy, HER-2 positive tumors are heterogeneous in their biologic behavior. The search for different morphological and molecular patterns of carcinomas in this group aims to identify prognostic and predictive subgroups, allowing for customized therapy. OBJECTIVES: To study the immunohistochemical expression of two molecules of the signaling pathway PI3K/AKT (phosphorylated AKT and PTEN) and to explore the androgen signaling pathway through the expression of androgen receptor and apocrine morphological and molecular profiles. METHODS: This study retrospectively reviewed the histological preparations and built tissue microarray with tumor samples for immunohistochemical study. We assessed histologic type, apocrine morphology, presence of in situ component, histologic and nuclear grade, estrogen and progesterone receptors and proliferative activity through the immunohistochemical expression of Ki-67. The tissue preparations were examined for PTEN, phosphorylated AKT and androgen receptor. Patients, relatives and physicians were contacted for retrieval of follow-up data. RESULTS: We studied 104 primary breast cancer patients. The expression of PTEN was reduced in 20/104 (19.2%) cases and was more frequent in tumors with positive AKT (p = 0.06). The group of tumors without loss of PTEN expression showed higher proliferative activity. AKT was positive in 71/104 (68.3%) cases and was associated with a higher degree of differentiation and with expression of androgen receptor. The androgen receptor was positive in 89/104 (85.6%) cases and was associated with lower histological grade (p = 0.018), estrogen receptor (p = 0.008) and lower proliferative activity (p = 0.001). The absence of expression of estrogen receptor (apocrine molecular profile) was identified in 41/104 cases (39.4%) and was associated with tumors of higher histologic grade. The apocrine morphological profile was identified in 71 (68.3%) cases and was associated with high histological grade and nuclear. Follow-up was possible in 55 cases and a trend for shorter disease-free survival was observed in AKT-positive and AR-negative tumors. CONCLUSIONS: Our results confirmed that HER-2-positive breast cancers are heterogeneous and indicate that differences in at least two cellular signaling pathways PI3K/AKT and androgen pathway might underliy such a heterogeneity

INTRODUÇÃO: Os carcinomas HER-2 positivos representam cerca de 20- 30% de todos os tumores da mama e se caracterizam por curso clínico mais agressivo, com alta proliferação celular e resistência a apoptose, determinados por cascatas de sinalizações intracelulares, tais como a via PI3K/AKT. O trastuzumabe, um anticorpo monoclonal humanizado que se liga à molécula de HER-2, é o tratamento padrão destas pacientes. A resposta a monoterapia com trastuzumabe varia de 12-30% e a persistência da ativação da via PI3K/AKT é um dos mecanismos de resistência. A ativação do AKT começa com a fosforilação do PIP2 a PIP3 pela PI3K. A desfosforilação do PIP3 é mediada pela PTEN e sua deficiência é um dos fatores possivelmente implicados na resistência ao trastuzumabe. Além da resistência à terapêutica, os tumores HER-2 positivos são heterogêneos quanto ao seu comportamento biológico. A busca de diferentes padrões morfológicos e moleculares neste grupo de carcinomas pretende identificar subgrupos prognósticos e preditivos, permitindo a individualização terapêutica. OBJETIVOS: Estudar a expressão imunoistoquímica de duas moléculas da via de sinalização PI3K/AKT (PTEN e AKT fosforilada) e explorar a via de sinalização androgênica através da expressão do receptor de androgênio e dos perfis morfológico e molecular apócrinos. METODOLOGIA: O estudo foi retrospectivo com revisão dos preparados histológicos e construção de blocos de microarranjos com amostras dos tumores para estudo imunoistoquímico. Na revisão foram avaliados: tipo histológico, características morfológicas apócrinas, presença de componente in situ, graus histológico e nuclear, receptores de estrogênio e progesterona, e atividade proliferativa através da expressão imunoistoquímica do Ki-67. Os preparados histológicos foram submetidos à pesquisa de PTEN, AKT fosforilada e receptor de androgênio. Pacientes, familiares e médicos foram contatados para recuperação do seguimento e evolução. RESULTADOS: Foram estudadas 104 pacientes portadoras de carcinoma primário da mama. A expressão de PTEN esteve reduzida em 20/104 (19,2%) dos casos e foi mais freqüente nos tumores com AKT positivo (p= 0,06). O grupo de tumores sem perda de expressão de PTEN apresentou maior atividade proliferativa. A AKT foi positiva em 71/104 (68,3%) casos e se associou a maior grau de diferenciação e à expressão de receptor de androgênio. O receptor de androgênio foi positivo em 89/104 (85,6%) dos casos e esteve associado ao menor grau histológico (p=0,018), receptor de estrogênio (p=0,008) e menor atividade proliferativa (p=0,001). A ausência da expressão do receptor de estrogênio (perfil molecular apócrino) foi identificada em 41/104 casos (39,4%) e se associou a tumores com grau histológico mais alto. O perfil morfológico apócrino foi identificado em 71 (68,3%) dos casos e se associou a alto grau histológico e nuclear. O seguimento foi possível em 55 casos e observamos tendência a menor sobrevida livre de doença nos tumores AKTpositivos e RA-negativos. CONCLUSÕES: Nossos resultados comprovam a heterogeneidade dos carcinomas mamários HER-2 positivos e indicam diferenças em pelos menos duas vias de sinalização celulares como possíveis explicações para as mesmas: a via PI3K/AKT e a androgênica / BACKGROUND: HER-2 positive carcinomas represent about 20-30% of all breast tumors and are characterized by a more aggressive clinical course with high cell proliferation and apoptosis resistance, determined by cascades of intracellular signals, such as the PI3K/AKT pathway. Trastuzumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody that binds to HER-2 molecule, is the standard treatment for these patients. The response to monotherapy with trastuzumab ranges from 12-30% and the persistence of activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway is one of mechanisms of resistance. Activation of AKT begins with the phosphorylation of PIP2 to PIP3 by PI3K. The dephosphorylation of PIP3 is mediated by PTEN and its deficiency is one of the factors possibly involved in resistance to trastuzumab. In addition to resistance to therapy, HER-2 positive tumors are heterogeneous in their biologic behavior. The search for different morphological and molecular patterns of carcinomas in this group aims to identify prognostic and predictive subgroups, allowing for customized therapy. OBJECTIVES: To study the immunohistochemical expression of two molecules of the signaling pathway PI3K/AKT (phosphorylated AKT and PTEN) and to explore the androgen signaling pathway through the expression of androgen receptor and apocrine morphological and molecular profiles. METHODS: This study retrospectively reviewed the histological preparations and built tissue microarray with tumor samples for immunohistochemical study. We assessed histologic type, apocrine morphology, presence of in situ component, histologic and nuclear grade, estrogen and progesterone receptors and proliferative activity through the immunohistochemical expression of Ki-67. The tissue preparations were examined for PTEN, phosphorylated AKT and androgen receptor. Patients, relatives and physicians were contacted for retrieval of follow-up data. RESULTS: We studied 104 primary breast cancer patients. The expression of PTEN was reduced in 20/104 (19.2%) cases and was more frequent in tumors with positive AKT (p = 0.06). The group of tumors without loss of PTEN expression showed higher proliferative activity. AKT was positive in 71/104 (68.3%) cases and was associated with a higher degree of differentiation and with expression of androgen receptor. The androgen receptor was positive in 89/104 (85.6%) cases and was associated with lower histological grade (p = 0.018), estrogen receptor (p = 0.008) and lower proliferative activity (p = 0.001). The absence of expression of estrogen receptor (apocrine molecular profile) was identified in 41/104 cases (39.4%) and was associated with tumors of higher histologic grade. The apocrine morphological profile was identified in 71 (68.3%) cases and was associated with high histological grade and nuclear. Follow-up was possible in 55 cases and a trend for shorter disease-free survival was observed in AKT-positive and AR-negative tumors. CONCLUSIONS: Our results confirmed that HER-2-positive breast cancers are heterogeneous and indicate that differences in at least two cellular signaling pathways PI3K/AKT and androgen pathway might underliy such a heterogeneity

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Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">Karcinom dojke je heterogena bolest koju karakteri&scaron;u različita morfologija, imunohisto-hemijski profil, klinički tok i terapijski odgovor. Ki-67 proliferativni indeks je jedan od markera sa prognostičkim i prediktivnim značajem, čije metodolo&scaron;ko određivanje i analiza jo&scaron; uvek nisu standardizovani. <b>Cilj: </b>Utvrditi graničnu (&ldquo;cut-off&rdquo;) prognostičku vrednost Ki-67 indeksa, kao i povezanost vrednosti Ki-67 u ranom luminalnom karcinomu dojke sa prognostičkim i prediktivnim parametrima karcinoma dojke, kao &scaron;to su životna dob bolesnica, veličina tumora, histolo&scaron;ki gradus (HG) i nivo tumorske ekspresije receptora estrogena (ER) i progesterona (PR). Takođe, cilj istraživanja je i utvrđivanje značajnosti razlike u vrednosti Ki-67 proliferativnog indeksa u odnosu na pojavu lokalnog recidiva, udaljenih metastaza i dužinu preživljavanja u toku petogodi&scaron;njeg perioda praćenja pacijentkinja. <b>Metode: </b>Retrospektivno je analizirano 120 patohistolo&scaron;kih izve&scaron;taja bolesnica kojima je u periodu od 01.01.2009. godine do 31.12.2011. godine na Institutu za onkologiju Vojvodine imunohistohemijskom analizom dokazan luminalni karcinom dojke (pozitivan ER i PR, negativan HER2), bez metastaza u aksilarnim limfnim čvorovima. <b>Rezultati: </b>Metodama deskriptivne statistike prosečna starost pacijentkinja je iznosila 57,42&plusmn;10,17 godina; prosečna veličina tumora 17,98&plusmn;6,97mm; recidiv je registrovan kod 8 (6,7%) pacijentkinja uz prosečan vremenski period do pojave recidiva od 49&plusmn;20,23 meseci. Vrednost &ldquo;cut off&rdquo; indeksa Ki-67 od prognostičkog značaja za vremenski period bez recidiva je iznosio 20,75%. Nije dokazana signifikantna veza između vrednosti Ki-67 i godina starosti pacijentkinja (p=0,401, odnosno p=0,293), kao i jačine ekspresije ER (p=1,00, p=0,957) i PR (p=0,273, p=0,189). Ustanovljena je signifikantna povezanost Ki-67 postoji sa veličinom (p=0,035, p=0,20) i HG tumora (p=0,041, p=0,20). Prosečan period praćenja bolesnica iznosio je 72,92&plusmn;8,38 meseci; nije registrovana pojava udaljenih metastaza, kao ni smrtni ishod. U odnosu na pojavu lokalnog recidiva, Kaplan-Majerovom analizom i Koksovom regresionom analizom proliferativni indeks Ki-67 se pokazao kao signifikantan prediktor za procenu ponovnog javljanja bolesti, lokalnog recidiva (Log rank (df = 1) = 2,73; p=0,045). Takođe je ustanovljeno da je statistički značajan prediktor za procenu recidiva bolesti i starosna dob bolesnica (Log rank (df = 1) = 6,885; p=0,009). Intenzitet pozitivnosti ER i PR, veličina tumora i histolo&scaron;ki gradus se nisu pokazali kao prediktori za pojavu recidiva luminalnih karcinoma dojke (p &gt; 0,05). <b>Zaključak: </b>Zbog heterogene prirode oboljenja, kori&scaron;ćenjem standardnih histopatolo&scaron;kih faktora i biomarkera te&scaron;ko je predvideti tok i ishod karcinoma dojke. Ki-67 je proliferativni marker, čija visoka vrednost korelira sa faktorima lo&scaron;e prognoze.</span></p> / <p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:DocumentProperties> <o:Author>Tanja Lakic</o:Author> <o:Version>12.00</o:Version> </o:DocumentProperties></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> 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Normal";mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;mso-style-noshow:yes;mso-style-priority:99;mso-style-qformat:yes;mso-style-parent:"";mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;mso-para-margin-top:0cm;mso-para-margin-right:0cm;mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:0cm;line-height:115%;mso-pagination:widow-orphan;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}</style><![endif]--></p><p class="Default"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Introduction: </span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease characterized by different morphology, immunohistochemical profile, clinical course and response to applied therapy. Ki-67 proliferative index is one of the prognostic and predictive factors, whose methodological determination and analysis are still unstandardized. <b>Objective: </b>Determination of cut-off value for Ki-67 index, its corelation in luminal breast carcinoma with patient&#39;s age, tumor size, histological grade (HG) and expression of estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR). Also, the aim of the study was to determine the significance of the difference in the value of the Ki-67 proliferative index in relation to the occurrence of local relapse, distant metastases and survival rates during the five-year follow-up period of the patient. <b>Methods: </b>Retrospectively, we analysed 120 pathohistological reports of patients who were treated in the period from 01.01.2009 until 31.12.2011 at the Oncology Institute of Vojvodina, and to whom immunohistochemically was proven luminal breast cancer (positive ER and PR, negative HER2), without axillary lymph node metastases. </span><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Results: </span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt">The average patient&rsquo;s age was 57.42&plusmn;10.17 years; average tumor size 17.98&plusmn;6.97mm; recurrence was registered in 8 (6.7%) patients with average recurrence time of 49&plusmn;20.23 months. &quot;Cut off&quot; Ki-67 value of prognostic significance for period without recurrence was 20.75%. Test didn&rsquo;t show significant relationship between Ki-67 and patient&rsquo;s age (p=0.401 and p=0.293), as well as the strength of expression ER (p=1.00, p=0.957) and PR (p=0.273, p=0.189). Significant correlation was present for Ki-67 with size (p=0.035, p=0.20) and tumor&rsquo;s HG (p=0.041, p=0.20). The average follow-up period for patients was 72.92&plusmn;8.38 months; there was no registered occurrence of distant metastases or fatal outcome. In relation to the occurrence of local relapse, Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox regression analysis, the proliferative index Ki-67 proved to be a significant predictor for the assessment of recurrence of the disease, local relapse (Log rank (df = 1) = 2.73; p = 0.045). Also, it was founded that a statistically significant predictor for assessing the recurrence of the disease is the age of the patients (Log rank (df = 1) = 6.885; p = 0.009). The intensity of ER and PR expression, tumor size and histological grade have not been shown to be predictors of the recurrence of luminal breast carcinoma (p&gt; 0.05). </span><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Conclusion: </span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Breast carcinoma is heterogeneous disease, so it is difficult to predict its course and outcome using standard histopathological factors and biomarkers. Ki-67 is proliferative marker whose high value correlates with factors of bad prognosis. </span></p>