The status of women on the labour market and motherhood The main objective of this thesis is to analyse the position of women in the labour market in selected countries representing different models of family policy. The analysed countries are the Czech Republic, France, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. As first step, there are introduced conditions for the reconciliation of work and family life in selected countries and in the context of legislative of European Union. As second step, there are analyzed the level of fertility and the position of women in the labour market. There are also examined impacts of reconciliation of work and family not only on reducing the impact of parenthood on women's employment, but also on the level of fertility. The last part of this thesis deals with the evaluation of the respondent's opinions from International Social Survey Programme 2012 by average scores and binary logistic regression. Topics of analysed questions are the employment of mothers with young children and the division of roles in the family. The results confirmed that in countries with better conditions for the reconciliation of work and family there are smaller impacts of parenthood on women's employment also there are higher fertility rates. In the Czech Republic, there are most...

The employment status of persons caring for a child Abstract The content of this thesis is the employment status of persons caring for a child. It is a topic that affects most people, mainly women, as it is a very current issue with a high social importance. Parenthood and childcare have a significant impact on an employee's working life, as the position of these persons under labor law is considerably more difficult and their protection is therefore absolutely essential in this area. The thesis deals in a comprehensive way with individual areas of labor law that are affected by child care. The thesis is concentrating on all phases of child care and according to this the thesis is divided systematically into five chapters. The first chapter analyzes the current legislation not only on national but also international level as well as it analyzes the European Union law. The second chapter is devoted to the working conditions of women during their pregnancy, the third chapter deals with the time after childbirth, such as maternity, the institution of maternity leave and the corresponding benefit of social security law. The rights of the father of the child after childbirth are also taken into account. The fourth chapter deals with parental leave together with parental allowance. The final chapter deals with...

1 ABSTRACT The current European family is based on the ideal of gender equality and considers the interest of the child to be fundamental. The European Union strategy is to involve as many women as possible in the labour market and encourages national governments to adopt measures to enable women to reconcile their work and care for children. Developed countries also promote both parents being equally involved in the care of children, including preschool children. Czech legislation conforms to European standards and creates the preconditions for reconciling family and work life. In practice, the conservative attitude of both parents and employers persists. The mother usually stays at home with a child under the age of three and employers are not very accommodating to flexible forms of work that enable mothers of young children to get involved in the work process. The way to change the situation is to increase corporate social responsibility and family friendliness and to change the attitudes of parents themselves, increasing the involvement of fathers in care of children in particular. Solutions to the protection and support of pregnancy, maternity and parenthood, as well as the protection of the child in the Czech Republic can be considered as above-standard and comparable to the situation in the most...

Cette thèse compare deux pays dont les niveaux de fécondité sont très différents et se pose la question de savoir dans quelle mesure les dispositifs des politiques familiales, et notamment les mesures qui permettent aux femmes de concilier activité professionnelle et vie familiale expliquent cette différence. Les deux pays ont en effet en commun de consacrer proportionnellement un même pourcentage de leur PIB pour soutenir les familles. Or la conciliation entre vie familiale et vie professionnelle est différemment soutenue. Tandis qu’en France les dispositifs et les modes de gardes pour les enfants d’âge préscolaire permettent une rapide reprise de l’activité professionnelle pour les femmes après une naissance, en Hongrie c’est une longue interruption de cette activité qui est soutenue avec les allocations-interruption. Ce système, hérité des années 1960-1990 influence la durée de l’inactivité des femmes qui est en moyenne de 4,7 ans après une naissance. Les mentalités soutiennent d’ailleurs ce mode de fonctionnement puisque les normes sociales préconisent en Hongrie la garde maternelle avant l’âge de trois ans des enfants. Ces normes sont toutefois en train de changer, les femmes jeunes étant plus permissives et souhaitant travailler plus rapidement après une naissance. La quasi obligation de quitter le marché du travail après une naissance a comme résultat que le statut professionnel influence significativement la réalisation des intentions de fécondité en Hongrie tandis qu’en France, en conséquence d’une plus grande neutralité des politiques familiales, le statut professionnel joue moins sur ces intentions dont la réalisation est d’ailleurs plus fréquente. / This dissertation compares two countries in which the level of fertility is very different and explores to which extent these differences can be explained with current family policy measures and in particular with measures that permit women to reconcile employment and family life. Both countries devote the same proportion of their GDP to families, but they support the reconciliation between work and family life differently. While in France the measures and the childcare facilities for children below three allow women to resume work quickly after a birth, long career interruptions are supported in Hungary. The measures, inherited from the era of state-socialism, have an important impact on the duration of career interruptions of women: after a birth, the mean length of these interruptions is about 4.7 years.At the meantime people’s mentality supports this organisation of family life after a birth since social norms require maternal childcare until the age of three. Yet, these norms are changing and younger women are more permissive and wish to resume work more quickly. The almost obligation to take up parental leave after a birth means that women’s employment status has a significant effect on the realisation of fertility intentions in Hungary. In France, on the contrary, as a result of the more neutral family policy, employment status has less effect on the realisation of fertility intentions, and moreover, these intentions are more often realised than in Hungary.

The present paper will analyze, in the first place, the state of reconciliation of work, personal and family life, pointing those deficiencies that are presented, and the obstacles on the development of this right. Additionally, it will analyze if the establishment of a basic income could be an incentive to this reconciliation or, to the contrary, it could have an adverse effect, this seen from a gender perspective. / El presente estudio analizará, en primer lugar, el estado de la conciliación de la vida personal, familiar y laboral, señalando aquellas carencias que presenta y los obstáculos del desarrollo de este derecho. Adicionalmente, se analizará si el establecimiento de una renta básica puede ser un incentivo a la conciliación, o en cambio sería perjudicial, esto último visto desde la perspectiva del género.

The thesis is focused on work-life harmonisation in the view of state, employers and parents. It is divided from chronological and thematic aspect: past focused on analysis of historical needs for reconciliation of work and family life, present role of the state, employers and employees and future visions of today's university students, prospective parents. Three surveys were realized to support the theses. The first one applies to occupancy of kindergartens. The second one in form of interviews with representatives of prominent companies is aimed at flexible work and company kindergarten. The third research takes interest in university student's views of parental leave and role division inside the family. In the end of the thesis, improvement of conditions for work and family interplay are suggested.

Reconciliation of work and family life Abstract This thesis deals with the reconciliation of work and family life in the Czech Republic from a legal perspective. Finding a suitable balance between work and family life enables an individual to return to work sooner from maternity and parental leave. This balance also has a positive effect on the productivity of employees, birth rates, elimination of gender stereotypes and causes a reduction of the unemployment rate among women. The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive overview of the number of articles of employment law and social security law that are relevant to the issues of reconciliation of work and family life, to analyze the relevant legislation, and to draw attention to some practical problems. Also, the paper will evaluate the impact of this legislative framework and legal institutes on work and family life and recommend alterations "de lege ferenda". The thesis of this paper is that reconciliation of work and family life is an endless process and that there are several problem areas related to it that need improvement within the Czech Republic. The work is divided into three chapters. The first chapter identifies the main issues related to the reconciliation of work and family life. It gives the overview of the international,...

Fertility postponement in the Czech republic and selected European countries in the period 1990−2015 Abstract We have been able to observe the trend of shifting of maternity to later periods of life in European countries since the second half of the 20th century. However crucial for this thesis is to determine whether there have been disparity in delaying of maternity between selected Eastern European (Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland) and Western European (Germany and Austria) countries since 1990 till present. The goal of this work is to find the relationship among setting of family policies, fertility rate of older women and respondents' views. In the first part of this thesis are outlined basic theories explaining postponing of maternity. There are also listed consequences related to the late maternity. The thesis touches a topic of family policies which influence the phenomenon of late maternity. It presents several fundamental tools of family policies and compares them among selected countries. The second part focuses on a description of demographic indicators that demonstrate the shift in timing of maternity. The main analysis in this thesis is a logistic regression, which explains respondent's views on issues related to a harmonization of family and employment by selected explanatory variables from...

The subject of this thesis is the comparison of family policy in the Czech Republic and Federal Republic of Germany in terms of measures adjustment enabling the reconciliation of work and care about the preschool children. The issue of work-life balance is further presented in the context of traditional sociological concepts and welfare state model theories, followed by a description of trends and current order of women's employment on the labor market of both countries and accompanied by the description of demographic trends. Thesis is specifically focused on the description of the governmental family policy of both countries in the perspective of parental leave entitlement settings, facilities of children day care facilities like nursery schools and creche, and formal involvement of fathers in the childcare. The methodological part of thesis is focused on the description of the family policy measures of the respective country. Comparison of both countries in terms of enabling the reconciliation of work and childcare is made on the basis of analyse and comparison of both the secondary quantitative data and the qualitative data drawn from the discussions placed on the free available web sites. The conclusion of thesis tackles the question of possible applicability of the family policy measures in...

Fertility level and labour force participation of women in selected countries Abstract The objective of this thesis is to analyze the position of women in the family and in the labour market in selected countries representing different models of family policy. More countries were selected within some models in connection with the specific features related to these states. The analyzed countries are the Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Thesis focuses on comparing the position of countries with regard to the fertility level and female employment, to the conditions for the reconciliation of work and family life and to the attitudes and opinions of respondents concerning issues of gender equality, equal opportunities and mothers' employment. The first part presents the changes in the position of women and in family behaviour that took place in the 20th century and factors that influence fertility and labour force participation of women. The second part deals with analysis of fertility, female employment and the relationship between them and also deals with the comparative analysis of the conditions for reconciliation of work and family life. Subsequently, on the basis of data from the survey European Values Study and Eurobarometer,...