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Three dimensional image processing and analysis, particularly, the imaging and reconstruction of an environment in three dimensions  has received significant attention, interest and concern  during the recent years. In the light of this background, this research study intends to provide an efficient way to reconstruct an irregular surfaced object, for example "the sole of a shoe", with good precision at a low cost using XBOX Kinect V2.0 sensor. Three dimensional reconstruction can be achieved either by using active or passive methods. Active methods make use of light source such as lasers or infra-red emitters for scanning a given environment and measuring the depth, to create a depth map. In contrast, in passive methods, colour images of the environment in different perspectives are used to create a three dimensional model of the environment. In this study, an active method using a set of depth maps of the object of interest is implemented, where the object of interest is represented by a sole of a shoe. Firstly, a set of depth maps of the object of interest are acquired in different perspectives. The acquired depth maps are first pre-processed for removing any outliers in the data acquired and are then enhanced. Enhanced depth maps are converted into 3D point clouds using the intrinsic parameters of the Kinect sensor. These obtained point clouds are subsequently registered into a single position using the Iterative Closest Point(ICP) algorithm. Aligned point clouds of the object of interest are then merged to form a single dense point cloud of the object of interest. Analysis of the generated single dense point cloud has shown that accurate 3D reconstruction of the real object of the interest has been achieved.

The purpose of this thesis is to examine Presidential Reconstruction and try to determine the part that politics played in Andrew Johnson's plan of restoration and in his war with Congress.

La recherche envisagée traite du droit à un procès équitable et de la justice transitionnelle avec pour champ d'analyse, la Côte d'Ivoire. L'objectif est de démontrer la défaillance de l'Etat de Côte d'Ivoire dans le respect d'un droit international aussi fondamental que le droit à un procès équitable dans un contexte de sortie de crise. Il conviendra de voir comment le mécanisme de justice transitionnelle, instrument pertinent de gestion des situations post-crise peut participer à l'effectivité du droit à un procès équitable en Côte d'Ivoire et à la reconstruction du système juridique et politique ivoirien. Il est question d’analyser les interactions, la complémentarité de ces deux notions dans la définition d’un système juridique et politique ivoirien respectueux des libertés et droits fondamentaux. / The issue of the research deals with fair trial and transitional justice in Côte d'Ivoire. The problem at stake here is to see how the state of Côte d'Ivoire fail to protect and respect an international fondamental right as Fair trial in context of post crisis.It will be convenient to highliht the role of transitional justice and its mechanisms in the process of reinforcing respect and promotion of the right to a fair trial in Ivory Coast.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston University. / Since 1900 there have been three distinct interpretations of Reconstruction--the traditional or "Dunning" interpretation and two major revisions, each demonstrating that changing climates of opinion in American society have vitally affected historians of Reconstruction. Near the beginning of the century historians were expected to answer questions on politics and the Constitution. The doctrine of white supremacy, as manifested by disfranchisement of Negroes and crystallization of the segregation system in Southern states and by the United States involvement in imperialism , was reaching its peak. Furthermore, emphasis was on conciliation between North and South rather than equality of races. These influences produced the "Dunning" interpretation. Historians of the "Dunning" school emphasized politics and the actions of individuals; believed in the inferiority of the Negro; sympathized with Southerners oppressed by unwise, harsh , and destructive Radical policies; and sharply criticized the motives and methods of Radical leaders [TRUNCATED]

Forensic facial reconstruction can assist identification by reconstructing a face of the unknown person with the aim of its recognition by his/her family or friends. In the facial reconstruction approach adopted in this study, a 3D average face template was digitally warped onto a 3D scanned skull image. This study was carried out entirely on an Egyptian population, and was the first of its kind. Aims: This study aimed to demonstrate that 3D facial reconstructions using the novel methodology described could show significant resemblance to the faces corresponding to the persons in question when they were alive. Moreover, using techniques previously validated for facial reconstruction, the aim was to compare them to the method developed, and to assess approaches used to determine the accuracy of 3D facial reconstructions. Methods: Initially, a pilot study was conducted using a database of laser scanned skulls and faces. The faces were reconstructed using an average facial template generated by merging a number of faces of similar population, sex, and age. The applicability, as well as the main components of the facial reconstruction method, the single and average facial templates, and the facial soft tissue thickness measurements, were investigated. Furthermore, in the main study, the faces of computed tomography (CT) scanned heads of an Egyptian population were reconstructed using average facial templates. The accuracy of the reconstructed faces was assessed subjectively by face pool, and face resemblance tests, and objectively by measuring the surface distances between the real and reconstructed faces. In addition, a number of novel subjective and objective assessment methods were developed. These included assessment of individual facial regions using subjective resemblance scores, and objective surface distance comparisons. A new objective method, craniofacial anthropometry, was developed by taking and comparing direct measurements from the skull, and comparing the measurements from the real and reconstructed faces. The studied cases were ranked according to all subjective, and objective, tests, and statistically correlated. Results and Conclusions: The average facial templates showed a higher identification rate than the single face templates. The approach of facial reconstruction used in this thesis showed a comparable accuracy to many other facial reconstruction methods, yet was superior in terms of its applicability, transferability, and ease of use. In the face pool tests, the younger assessors were able to correctly identify the reconstructed faces better than older assessors. Furthermore, the identification rate by the forensic anthropology experts was higher than the non-experts. The former group showed the highest agreement between the observers in giving the resemblance scores. Although there was a significant rank correlation between the subjective and objective assessment tests, the subjective tests are influenced by the assessors' subjective characteristics (e.g., age, professional experience), thus making objective assessment more reliable. However, in situations where subjective tests are used, it is better to use the face resemblance tests and consult forensic anthropologists. Also, Craniofacial Anthropometry, particularly the craniofacial angles, can successfully indicate the accuracy of the facial reconstructions. Importantly, this study shows that certain facial regions, particularly the cheek and the jaw, are more reliable than other areas in the subjective and objective assessment of the facial reconstruction.

This dissertation argues that the operating temporal logic at the core of the state sanctioned models of forgiveness and reconciliation is a view of the past as apocalyptic in the future. The past as an apocalyptic imaginary hovers over the present like a ghost threatening repetition. In this political conception of the past, it is not simply a matter of chronology i.e. genocide and its aftermath. Rather, in the injunction to overcome the past through continuous remembrance, the past is made agentive in the present. This animation of the past in the present renders it continually dangerous lest it return as the future: the present must be continually mobilized, watchful and cautious so that the violent past does not return as the future. This temporal logic is reflected in the juridical demand for apologies and pardons, as mandated by the Rwandan state. The state attempts to control both ends of the equation: it demands collective catharsis on the grounds that without it Rwanda cannot overcome its past, but it simultaneously fixes in advance, and by law, the outcome of catharsis: forgiveness and reconciliation. Using fieldwork, individual and group interviews conducted in labour camps for perpetrators (Travaux d'Intérêt Général) as well as participant observation in 'unity' associations (cooperatives), this dissertation demonstrates how this model for apologies and reconciliation collapses under the weight of the internal contradiction of both demanding catharsis and controlling its result: the necessity for reconciliation. Individuals publicly perform a demonstration of affect that they circumvent and push against in their everyday experiences away from the audience. When the performances themselves fail—as they do on occasion—the language of ‘trauma’ (in the case of the victim) and ‘genocide denial’ (in the case of the perpetrators) is mobilized in order to secure the impossible demand to perform private feelings in public ceremonies wherein the meaning of such performances is juridically defined in advance. The result, I argue, are public scenes of unity, in which individuals perform a socially shared code of acting in public that they often push against away from an audience. In their lives, Rwandans constantly wrestle with this past and its traces in the everyday, sometimes in accordance to the public narrative of reconciling but also in opposition to it. There is in other words messiness on the ground, which suggests that the predominant models for thinking about post-conflict spaces along the binaries reconciliation or violence miss this complexity. I propose, the notion of an afterlife of violence as a conceptual tool. This allows us to move away from the possibility of resolvability and redemptive narratives and instead opens up the possibility of irresolvabilty: that of living with tension.

L’objectif principal de cette thèse est de fournir aux chirurgiens des outils d’aide à la décision pré et per-opératoire lors d’interventions minimalement invasives en chirurgie hépatique. Ces interventions reposent en général sur des techniques de laparoscopie ou plus récemment d’endoscopie flexible. Lors de telles interventions, le chirurgien cherche à retirer un nombre souvent important de tumeurs hépatiques, tout en préservant le rôle fonctionnel du foie. Cela implique de définir une hépatectomie optimale, c’est à dire garantissant un volume du foie post-opératoire d’au moins 55% du foie initial et préservant au mieux la vascularisation hépatique. Bien qu’une planification de l’intervention puisse actuellement s’envisager sur la base de données pré-opératoire spécifiques au patient, les mouvements importants du foie et ses déformations lors de l’intervention rendent cette planification très difficile à exploiter en pratique. Les travaux proposés dans cette thèse visent à fournir des outils de réalité augmentée utilisables en conditions per-opératoires et permettant de visualiser à chaque instant la position des tumeurs et réseaux vasculaires hépatiques. / The main objective of this thesis is to provide surgeons with tools for pre and intra-operative decision support during minimally invasive hepatic surgery. These interventions are usually based on laparoscopic techniques or, more recently, flexible endoscopy. During such operations, the surgeon tries to remove a significant number of liver tumors while preserving the functional role of the liver. This involves defining an optimal hepatectomy, i.e. ensuring that the volume of post-operative liver is at least at 55% of the original liver and the preserving at hepatic vasculature. Although intervention planning can now be considered on the basis of preoperative patient-specific, significant movements of the liver and its deformations during surgery data make this very difficult to use planning in practice. The work proposed in this thesis aims to provide augmented reality tools to be used in intra-operative conditions in order to visualize the position of tumors and hepatic vascular networks at any time.

Chen, Yu. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 78-85). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter 1 --- Introduction and Related Work --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Reconstruction from 2D Line Drawings and the Applications --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2 --- Previous Work on 3D Reconstruction from Single 2D Line Drawings --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Other Related Work on Interpretation of 2D Line Drawings --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Line Labeling and Superstrictness Problem --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- CAD Reconstruction --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Modeling from Images --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- Identifying Faces in the Line Drawings --- p.7 / Chapter 1.4 --- 3D Modeling Systems --- p.8 / Chapter 1.5 --- Research Problems and Our Contributions --- p.10 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- Recovering Complex Manifold Objects from Line Drawings --- p.10 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- The Vision-based Sketching System --- p.11 / Chapter 2 --- Reconstruction from Complex Line Drawings --- p.13 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2 --- Assumptions and Terminology --- p.15 / Chapter 2.3 --- Separation of a Line Drawing --- p.17 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Classification of Internal Faces --- p.18 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Separating a Line Drawing along Internal Faces of Type 1 --- p.19 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Detecting Internal Faces of Type 2 --- p.20 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Separating a Line Drawing along Internal Faces of Type 2 --- p.28 / Chapter 2.4 --- 3D Reconstruction --- p.44 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- 3D Reconstruction from a Line Drawing --- p.44 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Merging 3D Manifolds --- p.45 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- The Complete 3D Reconstruction Algorithm --- p.47 / Chapter 2.5 --- Experimental Results --- p.47 / Chapter 2.6 --- Summary --- p.52 / Chapter 3 --- A Vision-Based Sketching System for 3D Object Design --- p.54 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.54 / Chapter 3.2 --- The Sketching System --- p.55 / Chapter 3.3 --- 3D Geometry of the System --- p.56 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Locating the Wand --- p.57 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Calibration --- p.59 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Working Space --- p.60 / Chapter 3.4 --- Wireframe Input and Object Editing --- p.62 / Chapter 3.5 --- Surface Generation --- p.63 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Face Identification --- p.64 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Planar Surface Generation --- p.65 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Smooth Curved Surface Generation --- p.67 / Chapter 3.6 --- Experiments --- p.70 / Chapter 3.7 --- Summary --- p.72 / Chapter 4 --- Conclusion and Future Work --- p.74 / Chapter 4.1 --- Conclusion --- p.74 / Chapter 4.2 --- Future Work --- p.75 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Learning-Based Line Drawing Reconstruction --- p.75 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- New Query Interface for 3D Object Retrieval --- p.75 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Curved Object Reconstruction --- p.76 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Improving the 3D Sketch System --- p.77 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Other Directions --- p.77 / Bibliography --- p.78