Outdoor recreation facilities and services are provided by both the public and private sectors. The literature of recreation generally overemphasizes the role played by the public sector. However it is not fair to assert that the public sector has a greater role to play in meeting the recreational needs of the public. To date, it can only be stated that more attention has been paid to it. This study is descriptive in nature and explores two general topics. First, three studies, two in the United States and one, among private campground operators in British Columbia, review the basic management characteristics and problems of the private recreation sector. A business enterprise operated solely as a campground will seldom earn a profit for the operator. A multiple recreation enterprise, offering boat rentals, fishing, groceries, children's playgrounds as well as camping facilities is more likely to be profitable. The majority of private recreation facilities cluster around public recreation facilities and around other private facilities. This complementary-competitive relationship between the public and private sector must be understood if properly planned and coordinated recreation developments are to make effective use of outdoor recreation resources. The private sector is characterized by unused capacity and to attract more customers, private recreation entrepreneurs need capital to upgrade their facilities. The monopolistic-competition nature of the outdoor recreation market makes it necessary for private operators to differentiate their enterprise from their competitors. But, given the economic uncertainties of private recreation enterprises, expansion plans may require provincial government assistance, such as loan programs and technical advice and integration within a comprehensive recreation plan. The second theme relates to the need to establish a rationale for a division of labor in the provision of recreation facilities between the various levels of government and between government and private enterprise. The market is large enough that no one sector alone could ever satisfy the demand. Within the scope of outdoor recreation, government assumes three roles--promotional, regulatory and developmental. All can affect the private recreation sector. Unfortunately government often fails to recognize this and public recreation policies and programs often produce conflicting and unanticipated effects on the private sector. It is necessary for these government departments responsible for outdoor recreation to assume a leadership role for coordination of all aspects of outdoor recreation. Recreation plans must be comprehensive and include the supply of recreation facilities by the private sector. An analysis of the departmental structures of government of the United States, Canada and British Columbia reveals that outdoor recreation has been genera 11y assigned to resource management agencies such as parks, forestry and agriculture. The resource management agencies lack the legislative authority, finances, and personnel necessary to competently undertake a responsibility for coordination of all aspects of outdoor recreation. These agencies have confined their activities to their traditional areas of competency and therefore large gaps appear in government performance of comprehensive recreation planning and management. The private recreation sector often falls within these gaps. It would appear that a new institutional vehicle is necessary that is not functionally handicapped by preoccupation with policy for the management of public lands. It should then be possible to realize that outdoor recreation has other dimensions beyond the confines of public facilities and requires the establishment of guidelines to clarify the respective roles of government and private business. A survey of private campground operators in British Columbia indicates a readiness to accept government leadership. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

Thesis (M.Sp.L.S.)--University of Waikato, 2008. / Title from PDF cover (viewed March 9, 2009) Includes bibliographical references (p. 153-170)

Maintenance of public welfare is the function of the public sector. It is the duty of a government to do whatever is conducive to the welfare of the governed. It is the assumption of this study that as recreation is conducive to human well-being, it is the responsibility of government to provide each citizen with the opportunity of a diversity and variety of recreative pursuits. The substitution of automation and advanced technology for human powers and the subsequent gains in productivity have created an affluent society. Never before has man had greater prospects for a higher income, increased longevity, greater mobility and shorter working hours. By means of the rationalization of work, man's role in society will increasingly be sustained through recreative pursuits. Because of man's increased ability and need to participate in recreation, it has been estimated that the demand for recreation, and outdoor recreation in particular, will increase substantially. As a result of rising competition amongst all land uses and concurrent with an increase in demand for outdoor recreation there is a decreasing supply of recreation resources. The underlying purpose of this study was to ascertain what provisions society can make in order to ensure that outdoor recreation amenities will be available to all. In particular, this study sought to define the inadequacy of present policy in light of an increasing demand, and by means of a case study, to determine whether integration of recreation into the environment could represent an aspect of a new policy. The study results clearly uphold the following hypothesis: That the policy concerning the provision of opportunity for outdoor recreation has failed to recognize the dynamics of the supply and demand for outdoor recreation; new policy is indicated, one aspect of which, would be the Integration of recreation into the environment. The case study was focused upon the needs of the citizens of Vancouver and a trail system was conceived as being an instrument of a new policy. It was found that outdoor recreation could be compatible with other land uses. Land in the form of utility rights-of-way represents a recreation potential that could be used not only for the development of a trail system but also as a system serving to connect the major parks. A study of the function of outdoor recreation revealed that recreation is a continuous activity and therefore it is not logical to conceive of it as occurring only in a designated site. Recreation must be a feature of the environment especially as available land for recreation within the urban area is limited and thus a comprehensive approach towards its provision is required. This approach would necessitate the co-operation of all levels of government and the development of the recreation potential in all land uses. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

Thesis (M. Soc. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1984.

published_or_final_version / Urban Studies / Master / Master of Social Sciences

Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1984. / Also available in print.

伍志和. / 論文 (哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 1999. / 參考文獻 (leaves 136-143). / 附中英文摘要. / Wu Zhihe. / Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi) -- Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 1999. / Can kao wen xian (leaves 136-143). / Fu Zhong Ying wen zhai yao. / Chapter 第一章 --- 緒論 --- p.2 / Chapter 第一節 --- 引言 --- p.2 / Chapter 第二節 --- 文獻回顧及理論架搆 --- p.5 / Chapter 第三節 --- 研究方法 --- p.15 / Chapter 第四節 --- 各章簡介 --- p.20 / Chapter 第二章 --- 深圳的發展與「外來工」的社會意義 --- p.21 / Chapter 第一節 --- 深圳概況 --- p.21 / Chapter 第二節 --- 深圳市的人口組成和社會結搆 --- p.26 / Chapter 第三節 --- 「外來工」的社會塑型 --- p.35 / Chapter 第三章 --- 深圳廣場文化的濫觴一大家樂舞台 --- p.42 / Chapter 第一節 --- 深圳市大家樂舞台的由來 --- p.42 / Chapter 第二節 --- 大家樂舞台的活動介紹 --- p.48 / Chapter 第三節 --- 大家樂舞台的發展 --- p.56 / Chapter 第四節 --- 大家樂舞台的社會意義 --- p.62 / Chapter 第六節 --- 大家樂舞台發展的三個重要階段 --- p.69 / Chapter 第四章 --- 為何「相聚大家樂」？ --- p.73 / Chapter 第一節 --- 外來工的參與 --- p.73 / Chapter 第二節 --- 政府的參與 --- p.83 / Chapter 第三節 --- 商業機構的參與 --- p.88 / Chapter 第五章 --- 大家樂的活動分析 --- p.91 / Chapter 第一節 --- 自薦卡拉OK表演的文化意義 --- p.91 / Chapter 第二節 --- 『深圳是我家，家在大家樂』：建構以深圳為「家」的認同觀念 --- p.99 / Chapter 第三節 --- 《深圳是我家》系列活動剖析 --- p.104 / Chapter 第四節 --- 觀眾對活動的詮釋 --- p.115 / Chapter 第六章 --- 總結：大家樂舞台所帶出的啟示 --- p.127 / 參考書目 --- p.136 / 參考報章 --- p.143 / 附件 / 相片

The field of landscape architecture has been increasing opportunities to assist small- town communities in connecting their important natural and historic cultural resources to nationally and regionally identified "green" heritage corridors, such as rail-to-trails, river corridors and other projects. In Indiana, steps have been slow in developing and restoring natural and cultural resources unique to these small-town communities in relation to larger recreational corridor initiatives. Facts showed that the Mid-North region of Indiana were drastically short of publicly accessible regional parks and recreational open space. Incorporating community landscape preferences and values and private property rights in the overall approval of a project - particularly those planned from a regional scope - has often been excluded from the design processes to meet these needs. New sensibilities and sensitivities in landscape architecture must evolve to include identifying local visual and behavioral attachments to the landscapes in the design process, especially those projects concerning recreation and open space, since these proposals tend to be one of the flashpoints of public funding concerns in land development.Adjacent to the small town of Williamsport, Indiana, is the tallest waterfall in the state. Williamsport is also located on the Wabash River, which has recently been promoted as a strategic national and regional heritage corridor potential by various state agencies and the National Park Service. This study chose to explore a planning and design process to incorporate local aesthetic and cultural values for the Wabash Heritage Corridor system. a now nationally recognized network of nodes and linkages along one of America's most famous historic waterways. The Williamsport Falls site represents one of the few remaining Hoosier natural resources overlooked for protection due to its proximity to urban environments.Assisting the community in identifying visual and landscape values, and including these assessments as a design process modifier, along with strong local contact and project interaction by the designer / researcher. further the landscape architect in developing a more thorough site program and design.This study demonstrates community input in the programming and design guideline development for the recreational and natural systems resources of a site, and to a lesser degree, assessing relative cultural and historic factors. Local citizens were given a visual preference and landscape characteristics values questionnaire, from which site preference and visual conservation zones were determined. The resultant data was used as a design modifier for the park's visual regime - physically and legally defined protection areas for viewsheds and natural character areas within and adjacent to the site, as well as for the overall recreation and preservation goals of the project. By generating mappable visual attributes of the site that were identified as important by the community members, the site design process was modified to insure that the community's collective visual and landscape preference values and concerns were honored in the site Master Plan.Hopefully, the scholarly contribution of this work was not just be the inclusion of visual assessment and landscape preference methodology in analyzing a unique landform (though this is critical), but also a deeper level of documentation showing the importance of recognizing and preserving significant local and regional natural resource character areas of small-town communities along the Wabash Heritage Corridor. / Department of Landscape Architecture

Zugl.: Frankfurt/Oder, Univ. Viadrina, Diss., 2004

Thesis (MTech (Business Administration))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2009 / Greater emphasis has in recent years been placed on the fiduciary duties of managers vis-a-vis Chief Financial Officers, Accounting Officers and political representatives. The exposure has given rise to the shift in focus to overarching activities promoting social responsibility, ethics, discipline, transparency, fairness, independence and most importantly, accountability. Previous research (Burger & Goslin, 2005) focused on the rising incidence of mismanagement of public funds within government departments which has been credited to non-compliance in good governance or best practices. The rising interest by the media and the public on governanace and the role of public officials may be attributed to the various high-profile televised media releases; which includes the alleged alliance of Jacob Zuma with Schabir Schaik as emerged in the Schabir Schaik trail, the "Travelgate Scam", the 'Oilgate Saga' and the 'Arms Deal', which are but a few media reports. Corporate governance is thus understood as the method of control and accountability prevailent within the management and directorship of an organisation. The seven principles as propagated by the King Report on Governance, 2002 (referred to as the King II report), namely discipline, transparency, independence, accountability, responsibility, fairness and social responsibility is examined in this paper so as to establish whether there is an understanding and application of corporate governance within the Department of Cultural Affairs and Sport, Western Cape Provincial Government or whether good governance is integrated throughout the Provincial Department in question. In addition, the paper presents the analysis and findings of the employee perception survey conducted on public sector compliance to corporate governance principles, within the above provincial department, who were utilised as the case-study for this paper. The survey findings has reveals that the application of corporate principles exist in terms of the perceptions of the employees within the Provincial Department of Cultural Affairs and Sport. However, the study further revealed that there exists opportunities for improvement. The paper will detail the recommendations for the said department to promote corporate governance.