The theme of this thesis writen in french is one of the ways of referring in the text called cataphora. Firstly, the work deals begin with the theoretical part, which contains the theory of text linguistics because of a close connection with the analyzed phenomenon. Then, the cataphora term is defined on the basis of literature and later analyzed in the selected corpus of journalistic texts.

How to assess the quality of a genome assembly without the help of a reference sequence is an open question. Only a few techniques are currently used in the literature and each has obvious bias. An additional method, restriction enzyme associated DNA (RAD) marker alignment, is proposed here. With high enough density, this method should be able to assess the quality of de novo assemblies without the biases of current methods. With the growing ambition to sequence new genomes and the accelerating ability to do so cost effectively, methods to assess the quality of reference-free genome assemblies will become increasingly important. In addition to the existing methods of EST and conserved sequence alignment, RAD marker alignment may contribute to this effort.

It's generally assumed that a compositional semantic theory will have to recognise a semantic category of expressions which serve simply to pick out some one object: e-type expressions. Kripke's views about names (Kripke, 1980), Kaplan's about indexicals and demonstratives (Kaplan, 1989), the standard Tarskian semantics for bound variables (Tarski, 1956), Heim and Kratzer's Strawsonian view about definites (Heim and Kratzer, 1998), even an (admittedly somewhat unpopular) analysis of indefinites (namely Fodor and Sag, 1982), assume as much. In this thesis, I argue that recent advances in the semantics of names and of quotation, and in metaphysics, give good reason to doubt there is such a category. I do so in two parts. In the first part, comprising about two thirds of the thesis, I combine two recent views, one from semantics and one from metaphysics. From semantics, I take over predicativism about names, the view, as one might have guessed, that names are predicates. From metaphysics, I take over the doctrine that there are temporal parts. Putting them together, I hold that the semantic contribution of the name 'Joan', in a sentence like 'Joan is a barrister', is a predicate, and in particular (and somewhat roughly) a predicate the extension of which is Joan's temporal parts. Names are not, as is commonly thought, e-type expressions. In the second part, building on the first, I further undermine the existence of a semantically important category of e-type expressions by arguing that a construction which might be thought to mandate such a category, namely de re attitude ascriptions, in fact, when properly analysed, does not do so. I argue this by considering the nature of transparent occurrences of expressions in opaque contexts in general, and in particular by considering the phenomenon of mixed quotation. I present a new theory of it, and show how it can be parlayed into a new Fregean theory of de re attitude ascriptions. The thesis overall, then, will provide strong evidence against the semantic importance of e-type expressions either in language, or in (our reporting of) thought.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / A associaÃÃo entre disfunÃÃes tireoideanas clinicamente manifestas e o desenvolvimento de distÃrbios metabÃlicos està bem determinada. Entretanto, nos Ãltimos anos, o debate acerca da relaÃÃo entre alteraÃÃes na funÃÃo tireoideana (FT) e a sÃndrome metabÃlica (SM), ou seus componentes, tem ganhado especial atenÃÃo. Sendo o hormÃnio tireoestimulante (TSH) o teste de rastreamento mais sensÃvel para a detecÃÃo de alteraÃÃes da FT, tem se discutido critÃrios mais rigorosos de normalidade em indivÃduos sadios, a partir do achado de associaÃÃo de desfechos clÃnicos desfavorÃveis com valores anteriormente considerados normais. No entanto, torna-se difÃcil a definiÃÃo de âsaÃdeâ, em especial no Ãmbito relacionado à adiposidade corporal, considerando ser a obesidade uma condiÃÃo de elevada prevalÃncia e per si relacionada a inÃmeras morbidades. Assim, este trabalho objetivou avaliar a relaÃÃo entre os elementos definidores da SM e a FT e determinar o valor de referÃncia (VR) do TSH em uma amostra de indivÃduos saudÃveis, do ponto de vista tireoideano, residentes na cidade de Fortaleza-CE, Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo transversal conduzido no perÃodo de marÃo de 2009 a janeiro de 2010 onde foram incluÃdos 267 indivÃduos eutireoideanos, selecionados a partir de critÃrios clÃnicos e laboratoriais. Esta seleÃÃo compreendeu quatro etapas incluindo o preenchimento de um questionÃrio auto-administrado, avaliaÃÃo mÃdica e laboratorial, com antropometria, medida da circunferÃncia abdominal (CA), da pressÃo arterial sistÃlica (PAS) e diastÃlica (PAD), determinaÃÃo sÃrica de TSH, tiroxina livre (T4l), triiodotironina (T3), anticorpo anti-tireoperoxidase (ATPO), anticorpo anti-tireoglobulina (ATG), glicose em jejum (GJ), insulina, colesterol total (CT), LDL, HDL e triglicerÃdeos (TG), cÃlculo da resistÃncia à insulina, atravÃs do modelo de avaliaÃÃo da homeostase (HOMA-IR), e a realizaÃÃo de ultrassonografia tireoideana (UST). Dentre os 267, foram selecionados 125 participantes, denominados indivÃduos-referÃncia, caracterizados por T4l e T3 normais, anticorpos anti-tireoideanos negativos e UST normal. Este grupo compÃs o banco de registros individuais necessÃrios para a determinaÃÃo do VR do TSH de acordo com as recomendaÃÃes do NCCLS e NACB guidelines. Os dados foram submetidos à anÃlise estatÃstica, atravÃs do software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), versÃo 14.0 para Windows&#61666;, sendo usados o teste t de Student, teste de Mann-Whitney para comparaÃÃo das variÃveis contÃnuas, o teste do qui-quadrado para variÃveis categÃricas e o teste de Spearman para anÃlise de correlaÃÃes, sendo adotado o nÃvel de significÃncia estatÃstica de 5% (p<0,05). Modelos de regressÃo linear mÃltipla foram aplicados na avaliaÃÃo das associaÃÃes entre a FT com as concentraÃÃes de lipÃdeos sÃricos e com vÃrios traÃos da SM, com e sem ajuste para idade, sexo e HOMA-IR. Para determinaÃÃo do intervalo de referÃncia do TSH foram adotados os percentis 2,5% e 97,5% da curva de distribuiÃÃo deste analito, como sendo os correspondentes dos limites inferior e superior do VR do TSH. ApÃs a anÃlise, observou-se que 77,2% dos indivÃduos eutireoideanos apresentaram pelo menos um elemento definidor da SM. Quanto Ãs relaÃÃes entre os parÃmetros metabÃlicos e a FT, observou-se correlaÃÃo positiva do TSH apenas com CA e PAD, enquanto o T4l correlacionou-se inversamente com quatro (CA, GJ, TG, PAD) dos cinco elementos definidores da SM. Ainda foi demonstrada uma clara correlaÃÃo inversa entre o status de FT e o HOMA-IR. A partir destes achados, especula-se que de fato exista uma associaÃÃo entre a FT e a SM, e que os nÃveis sÃricos de hormÃnios tireoideanos (HTs), mais do que TSH, estÃo relacionados com fatores de risco cardiovascular. Na determinaÃÃo do intervalo de referÃncia do TSH, os valores obtidos se encontram entre 0,56 a 4,45mUI/l, o que està em consonÃncia com os pontos previamente estabelecidos em estudos de base populacional. / The association between clinically overt thyroid dysfunction and the development of metabolic disorders is well established. However, in recent years, the debate about the relationship between changes in thyroid function (TF), the metabolic syndrome (MS) or its components has gained special attention. Since the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) screening test more sensitive for detecting changes in TF, has been discussed more stringent criteria of normality in healthy individuals, from the finding of an association of adverse clinical outcomes with values previously considered normal. However, it is difficult to define "health", particularly in relation to body adiposity, whereas obesity is a condition of high prevalence itself linked to numerous illnesses. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the defining elements of MS and changes in the TF and determine the reference value (RV) of TSH in a sample of healthy subjects, from the stand point of thyroid, in the city of Fortaleza, Brazil. This is a cross-sectional study conducted from March 2009 to January 2010 which included 267 euthyroid subjects were selected from clinical and laboratory criteria. This team comprised four stages including the completion of a self-administered questionnaire, laboratorial and medical evaluation, with anthropometry, measurement of waist circumference (WC), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic (DBP), determination of serum TSH, free thyroxine ( FT4), triiodothyronine (T3), anti-thyroperoxidase (ATPO), thyroglobulin antibody (ATG), fasting glucose (FG), insulin, total cholesterol (TC), LDL, HDL and triglycerides (TG), insulin resistance calculated by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR ), and the realization of thyroid ultrasound (TUS). Among the 267, 125 participants were selected, named individuals-reference, characterized by normal FT4, anti-thyroid antibody negative and normal TUS normal. This group composed the database of individual records necessary for determining the VR TSH according to the NCCLS and NACB guidelines. Data were subjected to statistical analysis (software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), versÃo 14.0 para Windows&#61666;) being used the Student t test, Mann-Whitney test to compare continuous variables, the chi-square test for categorical variables and Spearman test for correlation analysis, adopting the statistical significance level of 5% (p < 0.05). Multiple linear regression models were applied to evaluate the associations between the FT with the concentrations of serum lipids and various traits of MS, with and without adjustment for age, sex, and HOMA-IR. To determine the reference range of TSH were adopted percentiles 2.5% and 97.5% of the distribution curve of the analyte, as the correspondents of the lower and upper limits of TSH RV. After the analysis, we observed that 77.2% of euthyroid subjects had at least one defining element of MS. Regarding the relationships between metabolic parameters and FT, there was positive correlation of TSH with only WC and DBP, while the FT4 correlated inversely with four (WC, FG, TG, DBP) in the five defining elements of MS. Yet been demonstrated a clear inverse correlation between the status of TF and HOMA-IR. From these findings, we speculate that in fact there is an association between the TF and MS, and that serum levels of thyroid hormones (THs) more than TSH, are related to cardiovascular risk factors. In determining the reference range of TSH, the values are between 0.56 to 4.45 mIU / l, which is in line with the points previously established in population-based studies.

Class of 2011 Abstract / OBJECTIVES: To investigate if the drug content of several different antibiotic products, obtained in Mexico, fall within the USP specification range for a given drug. METHODS: Ten antibiotic products containing either amoxicillin, ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, or sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim were obtained from three random pharmacies in Mexico. The concentrations of the active ingredient(s) in these antibiotics were determined by high performance liquid chromatography, utilizing assays from the USP monographs for each drug. Weight variation within each product was also considered. Ten units from each product were analyzed. RESULTS: More than half of the capsules for each of the amoxicillin lots analyzed were outside of the acceptable USP limits (90-120% label claim) with the average calculated % label claim for each being 89.96 and 87.25%, respectively. One lot of ampicillin had two capsules out of range, while all of the capsules tested from the second lot were within the specification range. Both lots of ciprofloxacin passed. For the sulfamethoxazole/triemthoprim tablets, the sulfamethoxazole content for each lot was in range, however 20-30% of the units analyzed were out of range for trimethoprim. Interestingly, weight variation within each product was less than 3% RSD for all products, with the exception of the ampicillin lot which had two capsules out of spec (% RSD- 6.14). CONCLUSION: Most of the Mexican acquired antibiotics had content uniformity that fit within the USP guidelines. Although amoxicillin displayed significant variability, the capsules fell outside of the USP limits by a slim margin. While these findings are not a representation of all antibiotics obtained from Mexico, they do suggest the importance of continued research of the quality of internationally obtained products.

Fast spreading unknown viruses have caused major damage on computer systems upon their initial release. Current detection methods have lacked capabilities to detect unknown virus quickly enough to avoid mass spreading and damage. This dissertation has presented a behavior based approach to detecting known and unknown viruses based on their attempt to replicate. Replication is the qualifying fundamental characteristic of a virus and is consistently present in all viruses making this approach applicable to viruses belonging to many classes and executing under several conditions. A form of replication called self-reference replication, (SR-replication), has been formalized as one main type of replication which specifically replicates by modifying or creating other files on a system to include the virus itself. This replication type was used to detect viruses attempting replication by referencing themselves which is a necessary step to successfully replicate files. The approach does not require a priori knowledge about known viruses. Detection was accomplished at runtime by monitoring currently executing processes attempting to replicate. Two implementation prototypes of the detection approach called SRRAT were created and tested on the Microsoft Windows operating systems focusing on the tracking of user mode Win32 API system calls and Kernel mode system services. The research results showed SR-replication capable of distinguishing between file infecting viruses and benign processes with little or no false positives and false negatives.

Master of Engineering

The fourth chromosome mutant cubitus interruptus‐Wallace(ciW) produces leg, wing, and body bristle aberrations. The effect on the wing is similar to that produced by cubitus interruptus‐dominant (ciD) which also has an influence on larval segmentation indicating that it has a regulatory function. Leg morphology of haplo‐4, ciW, and mosaic haplo‐4:diplo‐4, ci/ci+ flies was examined in an attempt to distinguish between a structural and a regulatory function by ciW. Aberrations recovered include failure of segment elongation, intersegmental gaps, duplication of bristles, and segments that are shorter than normal and of greater than normal diameter. Many of these effects are localized, suggesting that ciW may act to maintain cell positional reference. Increased local cell proliferation appears to be one manifestation of loss of the normal function.

The relative share of natural rubber in the world's total rubber consumption had been decreasing from 75 percent in 1948- 1949 to 44.4 percent in 1965. Since the production of natural rubber has been rising over the same period , some predictions have been made indicating that there will be a surplus of production over consumption of natural rubber in the near future. In the world output of natural rubber industry, Thailand ranks third, being surpassed only by Malaysia and Indonesia. Of all the exports of Thailand, rubber ranks second in value and is exceeded only by rice. Almost all of the rubber plantations are less than 8 acres in size and the prewar stock will give a low yield. The purpose of this study is to evaluate such predictions. An attempt is also made to show that the rising relative share of synthetic rubber in the world's total rubber consumption has been primarily due to the inability of the producers of natural rubber to increase supply in pace with the increasing demand for rubber and with the technological advances in the synthetic rubber industry. The study revealed that the United States and Western Europe can be expected to continue to exercise a great influence in the future rubber market as the industrial consumers absorb nearly 50 percent of the world's total rubber consumption. In addition, the United States is expected to play a vital role as the major producer of synthetic rubber, which appears to be a critically important fact or in determining the future prospects regarding the demand for natural rubber. It is concluded that the techniques of replanting and new planting or both, using the best available high yielding clones would enable natural rubber producers to reduce the cost of production enough to meet the keen price competition from synthetic rubber. In the face of the threatening competition from synthetic rubber, the success of the natural rubber industry may be measured by the extent of realization of effective and unremitting efforts by the natural rubber industry. The future of the natural rubber industry in Thailand, then, depends first on how fast production could be stepped up; secondly how fast the cost of production could be reduced by replanting with high yielding clone; and thirdly on the world price of natural rubber. The projection of natural rubber production during the year 1970 indicates that all rubber produced will be sold. Synthetic rubber will be used to meet excess demand for new rubber during this period. But some surplus of the natural rubber will occur during the year 1975. The future of the natural rubber industry depends to a large degree on lowered costs of production with replanting and planting with high yielding trees, and improving the quality and marketing. In conclusion, the planting scheme now being undertaken in the natural rubber producing countries, will be of advantage not only at the present but also in the future.

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