Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-03-09T23:41:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 AlineDoValeFigueiredo_DISSERT.pdf: 1457394 bytes, checksum: b5e64aaca8500f1c320efb8e2f334c9c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-03-12T00:18:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 AlineDoValeFigueiredo_DISSERT.pdf: 1457394 bytes, checksum: b5e64aaca8500f1c320efb8e2f334c9c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-12T00:18:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AlineDoValeFigueiredo_DISSERT.pdf: 1457394 bytes, checksum: b5e64aaca8500f1c320efb8e2f334c9c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-08 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPq / Reservat?rios s?o ecossistemas artificiais, intermedi?rios entre rios e lagos, apresentando caracter?sticas morfom?tricas e hidrol?gicas distintas que podem render muitos benef?cios importantes para a sociedade. Entretanto, a utiliza??o dessa ?gua para abastecimento humano, dessedenta??o de animais, lazer, produ??o agr?cola irrigada e desenvolvimento da piscicultura, influenciam diretamente no aumento do aporte de nutrientes para os ambientes aqu?ticos e, consequentemente, contribuem para a acelera??o da eutrofiza??o. Al?m disso, modelos de mudan?as clim?ticas globais est?o prevendo a maior ocorr?ncia de eventos extremos como chuvas intensas e seca severa, que criar? estresses hidrol?gicos em lagos. No semi?rido nordestino j? se percebe a ocorr?ncia desses eventos, a seca dos anos de 2012, 2013 e 2014 foi a pior seca dos ?ltimos 60 anos, segundo a Ag?ncia Nacional de ?guas (ANA). Sendo assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade da ?gua de mananciais do semi?rido tropical, identificando padr?es temporais em per?odos com eventos hidrol?gicos extremos (chuva intensa e seca prolongada). Os resultados do estudo mostraram que os reservat?rios Gargalheiras e Cruzeta apresentaram mudan?as significativas nas vari?veis limnol?gicas entre os per?odos de chuva e de seca severa, com melhora no aspecto visual e na maioria das vari?veis da qualidade da ?gua no per?odo chuvoso e maiores concentra??es de nutrientes e elevados valores de condutividade el?trica no per?odo de seca severa, indicando decaimento da sua qualidade. Entretanto, constataram-se comportamentos distintos entre os reservat?rios no per?odo de seca severa. Enquanto Gargalheiras apresentou um comportamento t?pico de reservat?rios da regi?o, com elevadas concentra??es de biomassa algal, indicando o agravamento da eutrofiza??o, cruzeta demonstrou um colapso na biomassa total fitoplanctonica evidenciado pela diminui??o das concentra??es de chla. Este fato se deu principalmente pela baixa profundidade e proximidade com o sedimento ter facilitado a ressuspens?o de s?lidos inorg?nicos e, consequentemente, ocasionar a caracter?stica t?rbida e limita??o por luz na coluna d??gua. Al?m disso, os comportamentos distintos entre os reservat?rios estudados indicam que as respostas destes ambientes frente ? problem?tica dos eventos extremos devem levar em considera??o fatores como o clima da regi?o, tamanho e profundidade do reservat?rio, al?m das caracter?sticas das suas bacias. / Reservoirs are artificial ecosystems, intermediate between rivers and lakes, with diferent morphological and hydrological characteristics that can provide many important benefits to society. However, the use of this water for human consumption, watering livestock, leisure, irrigated agricultural production and pisciculture development, directly influence the increase loading of nutrients to aquatic environments and contribute to acceleration of eutrophication. Furthermore, global climate models are predicting a higher occurrence of extreme events such as floods and severe droughts, which will create hydrological stresses in lakes. In the semiarid northeast we can see the occurrence of these events, the drought of the years 2012, 2013 and 2014 was the worst drought in 60 years, according to the National Water Agency (ANA). Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the quality of the semiarid tropical water sources, identifying temporal patterns in periods with extreme hydrological events (floods and severe droughts). The study results showed that Gargalheiras and Cruzeta reservoirs presented significative changes in the limnological variables between rain and severe drought periods, with better appearance and in the most of the water quality variables in the rainy season and higher nutrientes concentrations and high electrical conductivity values in severe season, indicating decay of its quality. However, we found diferent behaviors between the reservoirs in severe drought. While Gargalheiras showed a typical behavior of the region, with high concentrations of algal biomass, indicating the worsening eutrophication, Cruzeta demonstrated a colapse in the total phytoplankton biomass, evidenced by the decrease in chla concentrations. This fact occurred because the low depth and proximity with the sediment facilited the inorganic solids resuspension and, consequently, resulted in turbid water column and light by limitation. In addition, the different behaviors between the reservoirs indicate that the responses of these environments problems such as extreme events must take into account factors such the region climate, size, depth of the reservoir and the basin characteristics.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:03:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoseNPO_DISSERT.pdf: 2861087 bytes, checksum: 5501c10c7323ae1724c567209f6872ed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-15 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / In semiarid region of northeast Brazil, the majority of reservoirs used for public supply has suffered degradation of water quality affected by diffuse pollution from agricultural and livestock areas of the watershed and by hydrologic regime peculiar to the region, characterized by a rainy season with higher volumes stored in reservoirs and a dry season with a reduction in water level due to high evaporation and increase of eutrophication. The Dourado reservoir, located in Currais Novos city, semiarid region of Rio Grande do Norte state, is one example of a water supply reservoir that can have degradation of water quality and impracticability of their use, due to the high external input of nutrients from non-point sources of watershed during the rainy season and increasing of eutrophication due to decrease the stored volume during the dry period. This study aimed to investigate and quantify diffuse pollution and the hydrologic regime of semiarid region in order to establish standards regarding the water quality of Dourado reservoir. The study period was between the months of May 2011 to March 2012. The diffuse pollution was quantified in terms of watershed from the mass balance of phosphorus in the reservoir, as in relation to areas under different types of land use within the riparian zone of the reservoir from the assessment of soil chemical properties and losses of phosphorus in each area. The influence of hydrological regime on water quality of the reservoir was evaluated from the monthly monitoring of the morphometric, meteorological and limnological features throughout the study period. The results showed that the reservoir has received a high load of phosphorus coming from the drainage basin and presents itself as a system able to retain some of that load tributary, giving an upward trend of the eutrophication process. Diffuse pollution by nutrients from areas under different types of land use within the riparian zone of the reservoir was higher in areas under the influence of livestock, being this area considered a potential diffuse source of nutrients to the reservoir. Regarding the water regime during the rainy season the reservoir was characterized by high concentrations of nutrients and small algal biomass, while in the dry season the reduction of volume and increase of the water retention time of the reservoir, contributing to the excessive growth algal biomass, favoring an increase in eutrophication and deterioration of water quality. In synthesis the water quality of Dourado reservoir is directed by diffuse pollution coming from the drainage basin and the hydrological regime of the peculiar semiarid region, where the rainy season is characterized by high input of allochthonous compounds from the tributaries and erosion of the soil in the reservoir riparian zone, and the dry season characterized by reducing the storage volume due to high evaporation, high residence time of water and consequent degradation of water quality due to the increase of eutrophication process / Na regi?o semi?rida do nordeste do Brasil a maioria dos reservat?rios utilizados para abastecimento p?blico vem sofrendo degrada??o da qualidade da ?gua, influenciados pela polui??o difusa de ?reas agr?colas e de pecu?ria da bacia de drenagem e pelo regime hidrol?gico peculiar da regi?o, caracterizado por um per?odo de chuva com maiores volumes armazenados nos reservat?rios e um per?odo de seca com redu??o do n?vel da ?gua devido ? intensa evapora??o e aumento do processo de eutrofiza??o. O reservat?rio Dourado, localizado no munic?pio de Currais Novos, regi?o semi?rida do estado do Rio Grande do Norte ? um exemplo de manancial de abastecimento que pode apresentar degrada??o da qualidade da ?gua e inviabiliza??o do seu uso, devido ao elevado aporte externo de nutrientes a partir de fontes n?o-pontuais da bacia de drenagem durante o per?odo chuvoso e aumento do processo de eutrofiza??o devido a diminui??o do volume armazenado durante o per?odo de seca. Este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar e quantificar a polui??o difusa e o regime hidrol?gico da regi?o semi?rida a fim de estabelecer padr?es referentes ? qualidade da ?gua do reservat?rio Dourado. O per?odo de estudo foi compreendido entre os meses de maio de 2011 a mar?o de 2012. A polu??o difusa foi quantificada tanto em rela??o ? bacia de drenagem, a partir do balan?o de massa de f?sforo no reservat?rio, como em rela??o a ?reas sob diferentes tipos de uso do solo na zona rip?ria do reservat?rio a partir da avalia??o dos atributos qu?micos do solo e das perdas de f?sforo em cada ?rea. A influ?ncia do regime hidrol?gico na qualidade da ?gua do reservat?rio foi avaliada a partir do monitoramento mensal das vari?veis morfom?tricas, meteorol?gicas e limnol?gicas do reservat?rio ao longo do per?odo de estudo. Os resultados mostraram que o reservat?rio recebeu uma elevada carga de f?sforo advinda da bacia de drenagem e se apresentou como um sistema capaz de reter parte desta carga afluente, conferindo uma tend?ncia ao aumento do processo de eutrofiza??o. A polui??o difusa por nutrientes a partir de ?reas sob diferentes tipos de uso do solo na zona rip?ria do reservat?rio foi maior na ?rea sob influ?ncia da pecu?ria, sendo essa ?rea considerada uma potencial fonte difusa de nutrientes para o reservat?rio. Em rela??o ao regime hidrol?gico, durante o per?odo de chuva o reservat?rio foi caracterizado por elevadas concentra??es de nutrientes e reduzida biomassa algal, enquanto que no per?odo de seca a redu??o do volume e o aumento do tempo de reten??o da ?gua do reservat?rio contribuiu para o crescimento excessivo da biomassa algal, favorecendo o aumento do processo de eutrofiza??o. Em s?ntese a qualidade da ?gua do reservat?rio tropical Dourado ? direcionada pela polui??o difusa oriunda da bacia de drenagem e pelo regime hidrol?gico peculiar da regi?o semi?rida, onde o per?odo chuvoso ? caracterizado pelo elevado aporte de compostos al?ctones provenientes dos rios tribut?rios e da eros?o do solo na zona rip?ria do reservat?rio, e o per?odo seco caracterizado pela marcante redu??o do volume armazenado devido ? intensa evapora??o, alto tempo de resid?ncia da ?gua e a consequente degrada??o da qualidade da ?gua devido ao aumento do processo de eutrofiza??o

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-06-08T23:18:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 AllanRodriguesSilva_TESE.pdf: 23816481 bytes, checksum: d4554a5a05635c895c42dfbae3c3ff21 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-06-08T23:44:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 AllanRodriguesSilva_TESE.pdf: 23816481 bytes, checksum: d4554a5a05635c895c42dfbae3c3ff21 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-08T23:44:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AllanRodriguesSilva_TESE.pdf: 23816481 bytes, checksum: d4554a5a05635c895c42dfbae3c3ff21 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-21 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq) / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / A estabiliza??o da oferta de energia no Brasil tem sido um desafio para o planejamento do Sistema Interligado Nacional, diante das varia??es hidrol?gicas e clim?ticas. Termoel?tricas s?o utilizadas como fonte emergencial no per?odo de escassez h?drica. Por?m a utiliza??o de combust?veis f?sseis tem elevado o custo de produ??o, da energia el?trica. Por outro lado, a energia e?lica em alto mar (offshore) vem ganhando import?ncia no cen?rio internacional, e tornando-se competitiva a ponto de tornar-se uma possibilidade futura de gera??o no Brasil. Nesse sentido, o objetivo principal desta tese foi investigar a magnitude e distribui??o dos recursos e?licos offshore, verificando tamb?m possibilidades de complementaridade com a fonte h?drica. Para isto, foi utilizado uma s?rie de dados de precipita??o do Climatic Research Unit (CRU) e conjunto de dados satelit?rios de velocidade de vento do projeto Blended Sea Winds da National Climatic Data Center (NCDC/NOAA). De acordo com crit?rios estat?sticos foi encontrado tr?s tipos de complementaridade presentes no territ?rio brasileiro: h?drica h?drica, e?lica e?lica e h?drica e?lica. Notou-se que houve complemento bastante significativo (r=-0,65) entre as fontes, h?drica e e?lica, principalmente das bacias hidrogr?ficas do sudeste e centro oeste com os ventos do Nordeste. Com intuito de refinar a extrapola??o dos ventos sobre o oceano, foi utilizado m?todo baseado na teoria de Monin-Obukhov para modelar a estabilidade da camada limite atmosf?rica. Foi utilizado o conjunto de dados de fluxos de calor, temperatura e umidade do Projeto Objectively Analized Air-Sea Flux (OAFLUX), al?m de dados de press?o ao n?vel do mar do projeto NCEP/NCAR e o modelo de relevo global ETOPO1 da National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC/NOAA). Verificou-se um bom recurso em ?guas rasas, entre 0-20 metros, estimados em 559 GW. A contribui??o do recurso e?lico em um reservat?rio, foi investigada com um modelo h?brido e?lico-hidr?ulico simplificado que permitiu o c?lculo do n?vel dos reservat?rios a partir de dados de vaz?o afluente, defluente e produ??o de turbina. Notou-se que o sistema h?brido evita os per?odos de estiagem, poupando continuamente ?gua dos reservat?rios atrav?s da produ??o e?lica. Assim, a partir dos resultados obtidos, ? poss?vel afirmar que os bons ventos das costa brasileira podem, al?m de diversificar a matriz el?trica, estabilizar as flutua??es h?dricas evitando racionamentos e apag?es, reduzindo o uso das t?rmicas que eleva o custo de produ??o e emite gases poluentes. Pol?ticas p?blicas voltadas ao incentivo da energia e?lica offshore ser?o necess?rias para seu pleno desenvolvimento. / The stabilization of energy supply in Brazil has been a challenge for the operation of the National Interconnected System in face of hydrological and climatic variations. Thermoelectric plants have been used as an emergency source for periods of water scarcity. The utilization of fossil fuels, however, has elevated the cost of electricity. On the other hand, offshore wind energy has gained importance in the international context and is competitive enough to become a possibility for future generation in Brazil. In this scenario, the main goal of this thesis was to investigate the magnitude and distribution of offshore wind resources, and also verify the possibilities of complementing hydropower. A data series of precipitation from the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) Blended Sea Winds from the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC/NOAA) were used. According to statistical criteria, three types of complementarity were found in the Brazilian territory: hydro ? hydro, wind ? wind and hydro ? wind. It was noted a significant complementarity between wind and hydro resources (r = -0.65), mainly for the hydrographical basins of the southeast and central regions with Northeastern Brazil winds. To refine the extrapolation of winds over the ocean, a method based on the Monin-Obukhov theory was used to model the stability of the atmospheric boundary layer. Objectively Analyzed Air-Sea Flux (OAFLUX) datasets for heat flux, temperature and humidity, and also sea level pressure data from NCEP/NCAR were used. The ETOPO1 from the National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC/NOAA) provided bathymetric data. It was found that shallow waters, between 0-20 meters, have a resource estimated at 559 GW. The contribution of wind resources to hydroelectric reservoir operation was investigated with a simplified hybrid wind-hydraulic model, and reservoir level, inflow, outflow and turbine production data. It was found that the hybrid system avoids drought periods, continuously saving water from reservoirs through wind production. Therefore, from the results obtained, it is possible to state that the good winds from the Brazilian coast can, besides diversifying the electric matrix, stabilize the hydrological fluctuations avoiding rationing and blackouts, reducing the use of thermal power plants, increasing the production cost and emission of greenhouse gases. Public policies targeted to offshore wind energy will be necessary for its full development.