The 75,000 patients in mental institutions are only a fraction of the mentally ill in Canada. All of these hospitalized patients have passed through several phases of a complicated selective process. Interpersonal relations, group and community attitudes, and hospital policy, are some of the interacting factors in this process. The hospitalized population is a conglomerate of recent admissions and patients remaining from the admissions of many previous years. Changes in various hospital and societal factors affect the nature of these cohorts. For these reasons, the composition of the hospital population merits consideration of itself, rather than as an index of the amount of mental illness in the total population. The purpose of this thesis was (a) to review the characteristics of psychiatric patients under institutional care in Canada in 1960 and compare them with those of other populations reported in the literature, (b) to assess the changes which have taken place in this population between 1955 and 1960, and (c) to elucidate some of the reasons for this change and to suggest areas of further enquiry. The results show that, in 1960, seventy per cent of the 75,000 patients had been under continuous hospital care for over two years. The proportion of the population under hospital care increased with age. Schizophrenia was the most frequent diagnosis for patients over 20, and mental deficiency the most frequent for those under 20. Statistically significant changes occurred between 1955 and 1960 in the number and characteristics of patients under hospital care. The following variables were affected: (a) Age groups: there were fewer patients between the ages of 20 and 59, and more younger and older patients. (b) Diagnostic categories: Schizophrenia decreased and mental deficiency increased. c) Length of stay: there were more recently-admitted patients, and a decrease in the number of patients hospitalized-for from two to five years. Although a smaller proportion of the patients admitted in 1958 was retained continuously than of those admitted in 1955, there were still approximately 4,000 patients remaining for more than two years from the cohorts of each of these years. Changes in the retention ratios are associated with changes in the composition of the patient population between 1955 and 1960. Some suggestions from other studies regarding the causes of current changes were rejected. These suggestions included (a) the changing age distribution of the population, (b) separation of a large cohort of patients who were admitted between 1933 and 1937, and (c) a decline in syphilitic brain syndrome, and (d) increased use of tranquillizers. Publications of the Dominion Bureau of Statistics were discussed, and suggestions made for additional tabulations. Implications for other studies on hospitalized patients were presented. / Arts, Faculty of / Psychology, Department of / Graduate

The term “rehabilitation” is used in many fields to indicate a restoration of various functions to an individual. In social work and related fields the restoration of the handicapped individual in the physical and economic areas has taken precedence over the restoration and development of the individual in his social environment. The lasting value of rehabilitation lies in the adequate functioning of a disabled individual as a member of his family and community. This study examines the rehabilitation programme of the Department of Veterans Affairs and the Workmen’s Compensation Board of British Columbia. The rehabilitation programmes have been divided into what is called the elements of a rehabilitation programme : the rehabilitation process, rehabilitation services, rehabilitation personnel and rehabilitation maintenance allowances and auxiliary aids. These elements have formed the basis for discussion of the legislative framework and the facilities of each agency. Selected cases have been used to indicate how the rehabilitation process operates in each agency. The availability of a large amount of funds and a favourable state of public feeling have allowed the Department of Veterans Affairs to inaugurate what is considered to be the best rehabilitation programme in Canada. The medical and training aspects of Workmen’s Compenstion Board’s programme are comparable to that of the Department of Veterans Affairs. They have not carried their programme into the area of psycho-social rehabilitation to the same extent as the Department of Veterans Affairs. Some points are also set forth around which further research and investigation could take place. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

It should be axiomatic that Rehabilitation is part of the social policy of any modern state. When Canada signed the United Nations Charter, she pledged herself to implement a comprehensive range of health services for her people. Health services according to United Nations definitions, have always included the five major aspects of prevention, diagnosis, treatment, restoration and rehabilitation. The purpose of this study, which is the first of a planned series, is to examine what progress Canada has made toward the implementation of that promise, made to her people in 1948. Its focus is on identification of the barriers legal, political, economic social and administrative which mitigate against the realization of this nationally set objective. The study began with the hypothesis that because in modern industrialized societies, programmes of rehabilitation services usually stem from a legislative base, the logical place to begin identification and analysis of obstacles to implementation of a full range of services, would be a review of the statutory provisions for services. If obstacles were identified at this level, their effect on the patterning and levels of services could then be examined and indications could be obtained as to how far a modification of the legislative structure of services might contribute to the development of a more comprehensive system. As a prelude to this analysis it was necessary first to delineate what is entailed in the concept of a comprehensive system of services and to define the terms "disability" and "handicap". International sources were used extensively, and it was found that in spite of widely differing political, economic and social institutions, and arrangements, there was almost complete agreement on the basic principles of rehabilitation. Ten major principles were identified and recorded. Next an attempt was made to identify criteria for rehabilitation goals as related to the individual disabled person. It was found that both the national and the international material consulted was geared to vocational rehabilitation as a goal and that most statements did not take sufficient cognisance of the person who cannot reach this goal, but who might achieve a different level of achievement and satisfaction. An attempt was made to classify these goals in a way which would be useful both to clients and agencies. Because each country has implemented the basic rehabilitation principles in its own way, there is no one system of services which can be used as a model for a comprehensive system. However, working from the base of the philopsophy and the ten principles, it was found possible to classify the kind and range of services which would have to be included in a comprehensive scheme. This was spelled out for use in this study and in future projects in the series as a "touchstone" or model profile of services with a cautionary reminder that no system of services is or should be static and that rehabilitation itself is a constantly evolving concept. It is anticipated that it will serve at least as a useful base against which to examine a wide range of problems relating to rehabilitation in future parts of the series. The many faceted nature of rehabilitation as a concept was next examined in more detail because the total concept needs to permeate the whole range of services. Emphasis was placed on the concept of rehabilitation not just as a set of services but as a process, a "for ward movement towards a goal" which the client chooses and which the various rehabilitation personnel help him to reach. The study then focuses on an examination of the current Canadian picture in rehabilitation. This was preceded by a brief summary of the early developments in rehabilitation in Canada, stressing the "piecemeal" and "categorial" approach characteristic of the times, and the unique features in the Canadian situation. Material for this was obtained from the general literature, together with material obtained from the office of the National Coordinator of Rehabilitation for Canada and from correspondence with the Provincial Coordinators offices of nine provinces, excluding Quebec. The role of the federal government was then analysed, with particular reference to its responsibilities under the division of constitutional powers made under the British North America Act of 1867. The specific groups for whose rehabilitation the federal government has responsibility are then referred to. The policy of the federal government in its attempts to assist the provinces to carry their responsibility for rehabilitation services is critically reviewed. There is then a closer examination of the three specific act relating to the disabled in Canada, first the Disabled Persons Allowance Act, secondly the Vocational Rehabilitation of the Disabled Act, and thirdly the relevant sections of the Technical and Vocational Training Act. There is next a focussing on the effects of this legislative structure on the patterning of services in one particular province, British Columbia. Emphasis is laid on the relationship between the role of the Provincial Coordinator, the place of the government agencies, and the important role of voluntary agencies. Material for this section was gathered from government statistics, Royal Commission Reports, surveys and reports of local agencies, interviews with the Provincial Coordinator and the Provincial Consultant in Rehabilitation for the Province of British Columbia as well as with the personnel of selected representative agencies offering a broad coverage of the spectrum of services in British Columbia. As a contrast, the neighbouring province of Saskatchewan was selected as an illustration of the differing ways in which identical federal statutes can be interpreted and followed, and the differing ways in which a provincial programme of rehabilitation service can be structured and administered. In Saskatchewan, the provincial government of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation party coming into office in the 1945, took an active role in the rehabilitation field from the time it first took office, until its defeat in 1962, the now famous "medicare issue." This government interpreted its own statutes and those of the federal government very broadly, including from the beginning socially handicapped groups such as the Metis. In relation to the federal acts, it included groups such as alcoholics in its concept of the "disabled" which is not yet a common practice in the rest of Canada. This government's approach was also characterized by an extensive use of the "needs" test rather than the means test as a base from which to offer rehabilitation help to the entire family if necessary. While the "needs" test is used in British Columbia also there are a number of restrictions in its use, which do not operate in Saskatchewan, such as a "maximum floor" of financial aid which might be below the level of help an individual or family needed in order to become rehabilitated. Among the findings of the study are the following:- (1) that the fate of a Canadian needing rehabilitation sew ices depends very much on which part of Canada he lives in. Even within his own province, his neighbour across the street who happens to live within the boundaries of another municipality may fare far better than he does. (2) The kind and amount of help he receives would appear to be determined by three factors (a) the nature of the help available under the statutes, (b) the liberality or rigidity of their interpretation by the authorities of this particular locality (c) the availability of the kind of help he needs through the voluntary agencies(3) all the attempts by the Federal government to overcome the obstacles posed by the constitutional division of powers have not resulted in "national minimum" floor or service below which no Canadian shall be allowed to fall, despite many reiterations by the federal government that this is the intent, both of the legislation and of the efforts to assist the provinces which the federal government has made to date.(4) In essence, the federal role is basically limited to assisting the provinces with whatever services or facilities the provinces themselves are willing to initiate.(5) The conclusion is inescapable that the effect of the present constitutional division of powers on the development of comprehensive rehabilitation services is an impeding one. (6) In effect, the provinces and the voluntary socities carry full responsibility and the major portion of the load, without having either the legislative authority or the financial capacity. A series of recommendations broad,and specific,are then made. They include (1) Changing the British North America Act as a necessary step to the flexibility of patterning needed to make Canada's Rehabilitation Services comprehensive.(2) That the Federal government should assume a vigorous role as the standard setting body in the field of rehabilitation services, and should implement the concept of a national minimum of service. This is viewed as a necessity whether the federal government continues its policy of extending financial aid to the provinces, or whether a different system of legislative and fiscal responsibility is eventually worked out. A series of"research questions" arising out of this study are listed with the intent that these will form a nucleos of further research follow-up studies later in the series. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Hartley, Allan S.; Kerr, Janet; Sieben, Michael / Graduate

This thesis studies the response of the residential construction industry to the growing market for residential renovation, and its ability and willingness to transfer operations into renovation activities. The industry includes firms specializing in land development, new house-building, speculative and contract renovation projects. The thesis is concerned with the inherent industry constraints in meeting housing demand. The increasing importance of residential renovation relative to new housing construction is examined. A review of the new residential and renovation sectors follows, comparing and contrasting the nature and characteristics of both sectors. It is found that small and medium-sized firms within the new residential construction sector are most able to enter into residential renovation activities. The thesis reveals that the industry has so far shown a small scale response to the potential market for residential renovation, and has been inhibited by a number of barriers to entry. These include rigidities in the institutional approach to the residential renovation construction process. Other barriers arise from the inherent differences between renovation and new construction activities. Proposals are made to facilitate a more effective and efficient renovation construction process. These should induce the industry to be more able and willing to adjust to the increased pace and scale of residential renovation activity expected in the future. In turn, the maintenance and rejuvenation of the existing housing stock will be facilitated in accordance with future housing demand. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

No description available.

Risk and needs assessments are actuarial based instruments that aim to evaluate an (1) offender’s risks including the risk of reoffending, (2) criminogenic needs so they can be targeted in treatment and (3) offender responsivity inclusive of the learning style, motivation, abilities and strengths of the offender (Andrews, Bonta and Wormith, 2011, 735). Since 2006, looking to Western nations as exemplars, the HK Security Bureau’s policy initiatives have introduced a Risk and Needs Assessment Protocol for all local young offenders, and local adult offenders with sentences of two years and above. But one has to question how the policy transfer applies here in Hong Kong. What can Hong Kong’s criminal justice policy makers and practitioners adapt from research conducted in Canada and the United States? Is there anything HK officials can learn from other jurisdictions, both in terms of experiences implementing risk needs tools and the wider socio-cultural context under which such implementation takes place? This study has provided some preliminary answers to these questions through critical analysis and expert interviews. Subsequent analysis on the definition of risk and need under the HK CSD’s protocol outlined a further need for a definition of the responsivity principle. Concerns over the content of responsivity enhancement programs along with its effects on the voluntary participation of young offenders were also discussed in this analysis. Since the initial consultancy was commissioned by the CSD in 2002 to empirically develop and refine the protocol, a follow up study was much needed to suggest improvements. This study has served to fulfill this goal by suggesting improvements in addressing class, gender and racial disparity along with suggestions on operational excellence. Specifically, interviews with leading Canadian risk assessment experts including criminologists and practitioners highlighted four main challenges and three main lessons for HK CSD to examine (p. 57-58). Interviews with Hong Kong risk/needs assessment experts including criminologist and HK CSD practitioners help provide clarification on the risk/need assessment process and how rehabilitative programs operate. Additional analysis on the risk/need assessment instrument used in Hong Kong along with an examination of the questions used by assessors was subsequently conducted. The result challenges the CSD’s Risks and Needs Assessment and Management Protocol for Offenders as a “scientific and evidence based approach to prison management and offender rehabilitation” (CSD Booklet, 201, 3). This conclusion is based on the many social assumptions made on offenders found in the assessment tool and ambiguous design of questions used to evaluate criminogenic need. / published_or_final_version / Criminology / Master / Master of Social Sciences

This thesis is concerned with the correctional treatment process for sex offenders, and the problems that criminal justice system authority poses for treatment settings. A particular focus is whether inmate participation in treatment programs is voluntary or coerced, given the link between programs and prospects of release. In examining this question, the author considers the results of an empirical project in which a group of inmates were interviewed about their perceptions of the correctional treatment process. Background to this project includes discussion of the doctrine of informed consent and respect for autonomy as its underlying rationale; discussion of the concepts of coercion and voluntariness; and examination of the development of rehabilitative ideals. A conclusion drawn from the discussion is that the presence of coercive authority may impact adversely upon correctional treatment efforts. Coercive authority creates difficulties in relation to the voluntariness of inmates' consent, the confidentiality of the treatment relationship, and the professional autonomy of the clinician. These problems in turn raise questions as to whether correctional programs retain the character of treatment, or are more properly considered as part of punishment, or as tools of social control. However, coercive authority is a necessary presence if correctional services are to work towards the goal of protection of society. The central question to be addressed therefore is whether the prospects of release can be used to motivate inmates for treatment in a way that is consistent with the requirement of voluntary consent to treatment. The results of the empirical project suggest that for the majority of inmates, the link between treatment and release is not coercive. However, a number of inmates did indicate they felt coerced into treatment programs. Reforms may thus be necessary to avoid coercive authority resulting in coerced treatment. In discussing these results, the author considers a number of directions for reform, including the introduction of an operational presumption of coerced referrals to treatment, which would place greater emphasis on clinicians' obligations to secure voluntary consent.

This thesis is concerned with the correctional treatment process for sex offenders, and the problems that criminal justice system authority poses for treatment settings. A particular focus is whether inmate participation in treatment programs is voluntary or coerced, given the link between programs and prospects of release. In examining this question, the author considers the results of an empirical project in which a group of inmates were interviewed about their perceptions of the correctional treatment process. Background to this project includes discussion of the doctrine of informed consent and respect for autonomy as its underlying rationale; discussion of the concepts of coercion and voluntariness; and examination of the development of rehabilitative ideals. A conclusion drawn from the discussion is that the presence of coercive authority may impact adversely upon correctional treatment efforts. Coercive authority creates difficulties in relation to the voluntariness of inmates' consent, the confidentiality of the treatment relationship, and the professional autonomy of the clinician. These problems in turn raise questions as to whether correctional programs retain the character of treatment, or are more properly considered as part of punishment, or as tools of social control. However, coercive authority is a necessary presence if correctional services are to work towards the goal of protection of society. The central question to be addressed therefore is whether the prospects of release can be used to motivate inmates for treatment in a way that is consistent with the requirement of voluntary consent to treatment. The results of the empirical project suggest that for the majority of inmates, the link between treatment and release is not coercive. However, a number of inmates did indicate they felt coerced into treatment programs. Reforms may thus be necessary to avoid coercive authority resulting in coerced treatment. In discussing these results, the author considers a number of directions for reform, including the introduction of an operational presumption of coerced referrals to treatment, which would place greater emphasis on clinicians' obligations to secure voluntary consent. / Law, Peter A. Allard School of / Graduate