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Development Of Current Injection Based Three Phase Unbalanced Continuation Power Flow For Distribution SystemToppo, Shilpa 10 December 2010 (has links)
Voltage stability studies (VSS) of the electric network is a crucial factor to make the system operate in stable region and to prevent power blackouts. There are several commercial tools available for VSS of electric transmission systems (TS) but not many for distribution systems (DS). With increasing penetration of distributed renewable generations and meshed network within DS, shipboard power system (SPS) and microgrid, these VSS tools need to be extended for DS. Due to inherent characteristic like high R/X ratio, three phase and unbalanced operation, DS or SPS requires different mathematical approach than TS. Unbalanced three phase power flow and continuation power flow tools were developed using current injection and corrector predictor methods in this work for VSS. Maximum loading point for given DS or SPS can be computed using developed tools to guide required preventive and corrective actions. Developed tool was tested and validated for several different test cases.
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Quantitative Modelling Methods for the Incorporation of Uncertainty into Construction Project EstimatesAdams, Russell John 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MEng (Civil Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / Most construction projects do not complete exactly as scheduled or exactly as priced.
During the implementation of a project there is almost certainly some deviation from the
original estimate. The implementation of a majority of projects has actually been shown
to cost more and take longer than originally estimated. However, the duration and cost
performance of a project’s implementation is measured against the initial estimate
produced. Thus if a project is considered to have completed late or over budget then
essentially the duration or cost estimated was insufficient.
Due to the fact that estimates are produced in a present day environment for inherently
unique projects that occur in uncertain future environments, the estimates produced will
need to incorporate uncertainty to increase their likelihood of achievability.
This study aims to derive methods to incorporate future uncertainty into project
estimates. This uncertainty is incorporated, analysed and manipulated through the use
of Probabilistic models and First Order Second Moment Reliability methods. The derived
methods provide project management professionals with tools that enable them to
design estimates that incorporate future uncertainty and are reliable to a specified
degree. Further methods are then derived to probabilistically assess the commercial
feasibility of a project in an uncertain future environment.
These derived methods then provide project managers and decision makers with more
reliable procedures and information which in turn should assist them in making correct,
project orientated decisions and ultimately increase profit reliability and client
satisfaction.
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