published_or_final_version / Politics and Public Administration / Master / Master of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Psychology / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Dans un cours qu'il donnait à l'Université MCGill sur les relations industrielles au Canada, le professeur Harry Douglas Woods fit un jour la réflexion suivante: Le système de l'extension juridique et des décrets que connait la province de Québec, en vertu de la Loi de la convention collective, est unique en Amérique du Nord. Il est diversement apprécié par les intéressés et les personnes adonnées à l'étude des relations industrielles. Le problème mériterait qu'un de nos étudiants en fasse une étude approfondie." Cette invitation est à l'origine de la présente thèse.

The early stages of a relationship present an interdependence dilemma: People want to demonstrate interest, but are reluctant because trust is not yet established (Holmes, 1991). Five studies investigated the influence of attachment on how people navigate the interdependence dilemma focusing on the use of communal and exchange norms (Clark & Mills, 1979). In Study 1, compared to secure and avoidantly attached individuals, anxiously attached individuals avoided using exchange norms with a potential friend, presumably to signal interest in closeness. In Study 2, when a potential friend used communal norms (compared to exchange norms), anxious individuals felt more anxious and exhibited lower appearance self-esteem, whereas avoidant individuals viewed their partner as more negatively communal and liked their partner less. In Study 3, secure individuals accepted help from a potential friend, and did not feel the need to reciprocate, whereas avoidant individuals quickly reciprocated, presumably to clear their debt and to establish boundaries. Anxious individuals again felt anxious upon receiving help. Study 4 focused on emotion regulation and cognition. When a potential friend used communal norms (suggested working as a team), anxious individuals performed worse on a mental concentration task (ruminated) compared to secures. Moreover, lexical decision analyses revealed that proximity accessibility was associated with better performance for the less anxiously attached, and worse performance for the more anxiously attached, suggesting that thoughts about closeness dampened anxiety and rumination for the secures, but increased it for the anxious individuals. Finally, in Study 5, which focused on attributions, anxious individuals tended to monitor and appraise discrete events for their significance to relationship goals, and were more likely to infer relationship progress from discrete communal events. Moreover, anxious individuals made more relati

Few studies of interpersonal complementarity have examined individual differences that might moderate the relation between one person's behaviour and the other's response. The present research investigated the degree to which global perceptions of others (perceived interpersonal climates) moderated the relation between event-level perceptions of the other and behavioural response in social interactions. The influence of interpersonal perceptions on social behaviour was examined in two field studies; the first study was conducted with university undergraduates, and the second study was conducted with a community sample of working adults. Event-contingent recording procedures were used to collect information about participants' communal (agreeable---quarrelsome) and agentic (dominant---submissive) behaviours and perceptions of partner communion and partner agency. Based on hypotheses derived from interpersonal complementarity, it was expected that perceptions of communion would predict communal behaviour according to the principle of correspondence (agreeableness evokes agreeableness and hostility evokes hostility) and perceptions of agency would predict agentic behaviour according to the principle of reciprocity (dominance invites submissiveness and submissiveness invites dominance). As predicted, perceived interpersonal climates moderated the relation between perception of the other and behaviour in specific interactions. Perceived communion in an event predicted correspondence with regard to communal behaviour; this response was stronger for individuals who generally perceived others as cold-quarrelsome rather than warm-agreeable. Perceived agency in an event predicted reciprocity such that individuals responded to perceptions of dominance with more submissive behaviour and perceptions of submissiveness with more dominant behaviour; this response was stronger for individuals who generally perceived others as submissive, and this response was weak to non-existent for individuals who generally perceived others as dominant. The moderating effects of perceived interpersonal climates were independent of five-factor and interpersonal traits; global perceptions of others provided unique interpersonal information not captured by the five-factor model of personality. Both studies support the basic principles of complementarity while indicating that complementarity does not apply equally to all people. The present research shows that interpersonal perceptions are not only useful for studying behaviour within an event, but that global perceptions of others (perceived interpersonal climates) influence our reactions to the social environment.

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À ce jour, force est de constater que le système d’échanges de denrées alimentaires tel que balisé par l’Organisation mondiale du commerce et son Accord sur l’agriculture n’a pas su enrayer la faim et la malnutrition à l’échelle du globe. Aidée par l’évolution du droit international et par la vision altermondialiste de certains acteurs non-étatiques, l’émergence des concepts de sécurité alimentaire et de souveraineté alimentaire teinte néanmoins les possibilités de développement agricole susceptibles de concourir à ces visées. Le Sénégal, un pays importateur net de produits agricoles, évolue de surcroît dans un contexte régional et international intégré supportant le paradigme de libéralisation des échanges des denrées alimentaires. Il en découle que les possibilités de développement de ses filières agricoles locales pour la réalisation de la souveraineté alimentaire dans une perspective d’amélioration ou d'atteinte de la sécurité alimentaire s’en trouvent façonnées. Plus particulièrement, le présent travail montre que l’évolution historique de l’organisation économique de l'industrie laitière sénégalaise a contribué à entretenir une dépendance face à la consommation de lait et de produits laitiers importés. Ce faisant, les déterminants de la sécurité alimentaire des populations urbaines et rurales se trouvent aujourd’hui davantage façonnés par les activités de la filière laitière d’importation que par celles de la filière laitière locale. Cependant, l’environnement législatif national et régional, tout comme les différentes politiques agricoles sénégalaises tendent à vouloir rectifier la situation. Alors que la flambée des prix du lait et des produits laitiers en 2006 est venue affecter négativement la sécurité alimentaire des populations, il semble que la réalisation de la souveraineté alimentaire prônée par la Loi d’orientation agro-sylvo-pastorale sénégalaise (LOASP), par la Politique agricole de l’Union Économique et Monétaire Ouest Africain (PAU) et par la Politique agricole régionale de l’Afrique de l’Ouest (ECOWAP) soit d’autant plus nécessaire pour assurer un développement agricole et rural adéquat. Bien que plusieurs perspectives existent pour y parvenir, nous verrons que les contextes nationaux, régionaux et internationaux posent néanmoins quelques défis de taille.

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