The Remote Distractor Effect (RDE) is a robust phenomenon where a saccade to a lateralised target is delayed by the appearance of a distractor in the contralateral hemifield (Walker, Kentridge, & Findlay, 1995). The main aim of this thesis was to test whether the RDE generalises to response modalities other then the eyes. In Chapter 2, the RDE was tested on saccadic and simple manual keypress responses, and on a choice discrimination task requiring a covert shift of attention. The RDE was observed for saccades, but not simple manual responses, suggesting that spatially oriented responses may be necessary for the phenomenon. However, it was unclear whether distractor interference occurred in the covert task. Chapter 4 compared the effects of distractors between spatially equivalent tasks requiring saccadic and manual aiming responses respectively. Again, the RDE was observed for the eyes but not for the hands. This dissociation was also replicated in a more naturalistic task in which participants were free to move their eyes during manual aiming. In order to examine the time-course of distractor effects for the eyes and the hands, a third experiment investigated distractor effects across a wider range of target-distractor delays, finding no RDE for manual aiming responses at distractor delays of 0, 100, or 150 ms. The failure of the RDE to generalise to manual aiming suggests that target selection mechanisms are not shared between hand and eye movements. Chapter 5 further investigated the role of distractors during covert discrimination. The first experiment showed that distractor appearance did not interfere with discrimination performance. A second experiment, in which participants were also asked to saccade toward the target, confirmed the lack of RDE for covert discrimination while saccades were slower in distractor trials. The dissociation between covert and overt orienting suggests important differences between shifts of covert attention and preparation of eye movements. Finally, Chapter 6 investigated the mechanism driving the RDE. In particular it was assessed whether saccadic inhibition (Reingold & Stampe, 2002) is responsible for the increase in saccadic latency induced by remote distractors. Examination of the distributions of saccadic latencies at different distractor delays showed that each distractor produced a discrete dip in saccadic frequency, time-locked to distractor onset, conforming closely to the character of saccadic inhibition. It is concluded that saccadic inhibition underlies the remote distractor effect.

Les saccades sont de brefs mouvements des yeux dont le but est d'amener les objets visuels périphériques sur la partie fovéale de la rétine. L'ensemble des modèles considère que la programmation de la métrique des saccades reflète tout d'abord le codage spatial distribué au sein du colliculus supérieur (CS), et n'est qu'ensuite modulée par des processus cognitifs endogènes. La majorité considère que les interactions latérales entre les neurones du CS (locales et excitatrices ou distantes et inhibitrices) déterminent où mais aussi quand les yeux bougent. Nos études visaient à (1) tester et préciser la relation entre codage spatial distribué et métrique des saccades, (2) re-examiner si des stratégies visuelles peuvent déterminer cette métrique, et (3) tester le rôle des interactions latérales. Elles reposaient sur l'enregistrement des mouvements oculaires de participants humains lors de la visée d'une cible visuelle, présentée seule ou accompagnée d'un distracteur. Nos résultats ont confirmé l'hypothèse de codage spatial distribué ; les champs d'intégration spatiale estimés à partir de la distance maximale entre deux stimuli pour l'exécution d'une saccade vers une position intermédiaire (ou effet global; Findlay, 1982) présentent des propriétés similaires aux champs récepteurs des neurones du CS. Deuxièmement, en désaccord avec l'hypothèse générale, des stratégies visuelles peuvent aussi amener le regard au centre de gravité. Enfin, contrairement à l'hypothèse d'interactions latérales, l'effet d'un distracteur sur la latence des saccades (Walker et al., 1997) est indépendant de la distance qui le sépare de la cible. / Saccades are brief movements of the eyes which bring peripheral visual objects onto the central, foveal part of the retina for detailed visual analysis. All models assume that the programming of saccade metrics primarily reflects distributed spatial coding in the Superior Colliculus (SC), and is only modulated by cognitive, endogenous processes. Furthermore, the majority of models rely on the assumption that lateral interactions between collicular neurons (local and excitatory or distant and inhibitory) are responsible for both where and when the eyes move. The present studies aimed at (1) testing and specifying the relationship between distributed spatial coding and saccade metrics, (2) re-examining the role of visual strategies on saccade metrics, and (3) testing the role of lateral interactions. To this aim, humans' eye movements were recorded in saccade-target tasks, in which the target was presented with or without a distractor stimulus. Results first confirmed the distributed spatial-coding hypothesis by showing that spatial-integration fields as estimated by the maximal distance between two stimuli for the eyes to move to an intermediate location (or global effect; Findlay, 1982) share the same properties as the receptive fields of collicular neurons. Second, in contradiction with the general assumption, visual strategies can also take the eyes to the centre of gravity of the global visual configuration. Third, contrary to the lateral-interaction hypothesis, the effect of a distractor on saccade latency (Walker et al., 1997) is independent of its distance to the target.