Orientador: Roberto Wagner Lourenço / Coorientador: José Luiz Albuquerque Filho / Banca: Darllan Collins da Cunha e Silva / Banca: Vidal Dias da Mota Junior / Banca: Kelly Cristina Tonello / Banca: Antonio Cesar Germano Martins / Resumo: O Zoneamento Ecológico-Econômico (ZEE) é um instrumento da política ambiental que visa disciplinar o uso da terra e garantir o uso sustentável por meio da compatibilização da conservação e do desenvolvimento. A bacia hidrográfica, ao ser visualizada como uma unidade de planejamento e gestão ambiental, deve ter seus atributos ambientais analisados, visando a coerência entre o uso e conservação. Na bacia hidrográfica do rio Una, a relação entre homem e natureza tem revelado uma alta demanda de recursos naturais e suas perspectivas de uso, frente a conservação dos recursos hídricos, merece destaque pela sua posição estratégia em uma região metropolitana com alta densidade urbana, industrial e ao mesmo tempo com importância hídrica. Objetivou-se nesta tese aprimorar o processo de elaboração ZEE para bacias hidrográficas, através do desenvolvimento de um conjunto de diretrizes metodológicas e da proposição de uma metodologia de integração de dados espaciais, utilizando geoprocessamento e sensoriamento remoto, em ambiente SIG. Foram delimitadas diretrizes metodológicas, a partir da síntese dos diferentes estudos de ZEEs em bacias hidrográficas e da análise multivariada de agrupamento, através da avaliação de parâmetros da paisagem, morfometria, físicos, bióticos e socioambiental. Para o desenvolvimento da proposta de ZEE para a bacia do rio Una realizou-se o mapeamento do uso da terra e florestas apresentou treze classes com maior predomínio de culturas agrícolas temporárias (36,33... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The Ecological-Economic Zoning (EEZ) is an instrument of environmental policy that aims to discipline land use and ensure sustainable use through the compatibility of conservation and development. The river basin, when viewed as an environmental planning and management unit, should have its environmental attributes analyzed for consistency between use and conservation. In the river basin of the Una, the relation between man and nature has revealed a high demand of natural resources and its perspectives of use in front of the conservation of the water resources deserves to be emphasized by its strategic position in a metropolitan region with high industrial density and urban at the same time with water importance. The objective of this thesis was to improve the process of elaboration of EEZ for river basins, through the development of a set of methodological guidelines and the proposal of a methodology of integration of spatial data, using geoprocessing and remote sensing in GIS. Methodological guidelines were defined based on the synthesis of the different studies of EEZs in hydrographic basins and the multivariate cluster analysis, through the evaluation of landscape, morphometry, physical, biotic and socioenvironmental parameters. For the development of the EEZ proposal for the Una river basin was carried out the mapping of land use presented thirteen classes with higher prevalence of temporary agricultural crops (36.33%) and dense ombrophilous forest (37.05%). The degradat... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

The two-dimensional 5 year mean energy transport potential function, based on the Nimbus-7 ERB measurements, shows an east-west coupled dipole structure in which North Africa is the major energy sink and the western Pacific is the major energy source. In conjunction with the dipole, the cross-meridional transports are up to 30% of the tropical north-south transports. This is the main justification for the importance of the east-west energy transport. The separation of the required energy transport into oceanic and atmospheric components based on the maximum entropy production reveals that cross-meridional energy transports in the oceanic areas are mainly achieved by the ocean fluid. / Cloud-radiation feedback shows that cloud-induced longwave warming (cloud greenhouse influence) is dominant over the tropics whereas cloud-induced shortwave cooling (cloud albedo influence) is dominant in the mid- and high-latitudes. These differential distributions result in a global net cloud cooling effect of $-$2.1 Wm$\sp{-2}$. There are three distinct regimes in terms of cloud warming or cooling, i.e. warming in the tropics and in the high latitudes, and cooling in the extratropical latitudes between 20$\sp\circ$ and 55$\sp\circ$. These are in direct correspondence to the meridional three cell circulations, and are consistent with the kinetic energy generation within these cells. Furthermore, cloud-radiation feedback generates zonal available potential energy between 40$\sp\circ$N and 35$\sp\circ$S and destroys it poleward of these latitudes. The cloud-radiation feedback behavior in the three regimes results largely from strong warming due to high-level clouds in the tropics and strong cooling due to middle and low-level clouds at mid-latitudes. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 51-05, Section: B, page: 2253. / Major Professor: Eric A. Smith. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Florida State University, 1990.

In the design of expert systems, management of uncertainty is related to a computational analysis of uncertainty from the premises to the conclusion. In this work we propose a new reasoning method with the equivalence operator instead of the implication operator in modus ponens. It demonstrates a fuzzy-logic-based computational framework. Based on this method, we introduce the concept of coimplication in the inference process. Through the coimplication concept, a knowledge representation scheme and an inference engine are designed. Although several ad hoc models have been developed to deal with vagueness, there has been a strong need for a globally applicable method of dealing with vagueness in expert systems. The General Purpose Fuzzy Expert System (GPFES) is an attempt to model uncertainty in the general domain of expert systems. / Precipitation retrieval by means of remote sensing is a long standing problem in Satellite Meteorology. Microwave radiometry from space has great potential for estimating rainfall because upwelling radiation over a cloud is directly responsive to precipitation microphysics. Therefore, various simulation studies have been carried out in an attempt to provide an interpretation of remotely sensed microwave measurements in precipitating atmospheres and to explore the feasibility of passive multi-channel microwave precipitation retrieval. Numerical studies have shown that precipitation retrieval is an ill-conditioned problem from a mathematical perspective because of problems with non-unique relationships between the radiation signals and precipitation intensity. From a theoretical perspective, some of these problems, can be overcome by simply adopting a multispectral strategy. There remains, however, a number of gaps within a purely analytical framework. We propose to close these gaps with an expert system approach which uses our new technique called coimplication to handle uncertainty in general domains of expert systems. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 49-12, Section: B, page: 5403. / Major Professor: Abraham Kandel. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Florida State University, 1988.

Thesis advisor: Noah P. Snyder / Substrate size and mobility are important to Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) spawning and rearing success. Channel geometry is a control on bedload mobility in streams. It is believed that channel morphology in many Maine rivers has been altered by land use practices, creating wider and shallower channels, and lowering stream competence. If correct, these changes may be partially responsible for the limited number of returning salmon currently observed in Maine coastal rivers. To evaluate the magnitude of these changes, I performed a statistical comparison of channel morphology between two Atlantic coastal streams: the Narraguagus River in Downeast Maine and the Jacquet River in northern New Brunswick, Canada. Compared to the Narraguagus River, the Jacquet River has relatively healthy returns of adult salmon. Both watersheds have similar drainage areas (Narraguagus 588 km²; Jacquet 510 km²;) and mean annual precipitation (1244 mm; 1200 mm), but differing average channel gradients (0.16%; 0.51%) and longitudinal profiles. During the summer of 2007, I surveyed a 13.6-km section of the Narraguagus with a drainage area range of 129-247 km², and a 10.4-km section of the Jacquet with a drainage area range of 94-265 km². I made measurements of active and bankfull width and depth, and channel gradient at 100-m intervals, and performed grain-size counts at 200-m intervals. I also measured gradient and width in a GIS-based analysis. Results of my analysis show that channel gradient is likely the most influential factor on Atlantic salmon habitat as it relates to sediment size. The two rivers exhibit no significant difference in width-to-depth ratio, when low-gradient outliers in the Narraguagus River are removed. Predicted median riverbed grain sizes were calculated using two methods: (1) from the empirical relationship between basal shear stress and measured grain size; and (2) using the Shields parameter and remote sensing data only. Measured and predicted grain sizes reveal finer river-bed sediments on the Narraguagus River, however, Shields parameter calculations show that sediment should be mobile in both streams. I compare these predictions to field-based habitat mapping on the Narraguagus River. Based on predicted grain sizes, I expect nearly continuous Atlantic salmon spawning (28-95%) and rearing (95-100%) habitat on the Jacquet, and much less spawning (47-62%) and rearing (57-68%) habitat on the Narraguagus. This is likely because the Narraguagus River is segmented into reaches of steeper gradient (S < 0.002) with potentially good habitat, and flatter reaches (S < 0.0005) of poor habitat. The long flat reaches (several km) likely act as sediment sinks, preventing the continuity of downstream sediment transport and causing sediment to be sourced from localized glacial deposits. / Thesis (MS) — Boston College, 2009. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Geology and Geophysics.

Thesis advisor: Noah Snyder / This study considers the feasibility and accuracy of using the Structure from Motion (SfM) technique to quantify changes in stream channel morphology. The SfM method utilizes common points across multiple photographs to create a three-dimensional representation of a study area. This model can then be georeferenced using ground control points. The camera locations and optics do not need to be known in this technique, making it simpler to implement in the field than traditional photogrammetry or ground-based lidar methods. Preliminary testing of this method was conducted in and around the Boston College campus during summer 2012 to determine the most appropriate tools and data collection plan for further fieldwork. I then applied the SfM method to a field site on the Souhegan River in southern New Hampshire, where I photographed two cross sections (one boulder-bedded, one sand-bedded) using a camera mounted on a 4.8 m pole. On the same day, I surveyed both cross sections using a total station with mm-scale accuracy. Inputting the photographs into the Agisoft PhotoScan software used for SfM reconstruction yielded several noteworthy results. First, when certain conditions are met, the model generated through SfM, built from a complex, high density (for example ~2,900 points per m2) point cloud, can then be used to deduce elevation data. Based on a point-by-point comparison, the SfM cross section averaged 3.6 cm (±3.4 cm standard deviation) higher than the total station survey. In other portions of the study site imaged for SfM reconstruction, a variety of difficulties prevented the development of a georeferenced three-dimensional model. These limitations, including shadowing, vegetation, camera vantage point, and location of ground control points, can be minimized in future studies to allow for better use of the SfM technique. As results of this study demonstrate, SfM reconstruction has the potential to generate accurate topographic data, which will be a powerful tool for future geomorphic studies, particularly for sites with relatively sparse vegetation and limited water. / Thesis (BS) — Boston College, 2013. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Geology & Geophysics Honors Program. / Discipline: Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences.

Fine-scale urban land cover information is important for a number of applications, including urban tree canopy mapping, green space analysis, and urban hydrologic modeling. Land cover information has traditionally been extracted from satellite or aerial images using automated image classification techniques, which classify pixels into different categories of land cover based on their spectral characteristics. However, in fine spatial resolution images (4 meters or better), the high degree of within-class spectral variability and between-class spectral similarity of many types of land cover leads to low classification accuracy when pixel-based, purely spectral classification techniques are used. Object-based classification methods, which involve segmenting an image into relatively homogeneous regions (i.e. image segments) prior to classification, have been shown to increase classification accuracy by incorporating the spectral (e.g. mean, standard deviation) and non-spectral (e.g. te xture, size, shape) information of image segments for classification. One difficulty with the object-based method, however, is that a segmentation parameter (or set of parameters), which determines the average size of segments (i.e. the segmentation scale), is difficult to choose. Some studies use one segmentation scale to segment and classify all types of land cover, while others use multiple scales due to the fact that different types of land cover typically vary in size. In this dissertation, two multi-scale object-based classification methods were developed and tested for classifying high resolution images of Deerfield Beach, FL and Houston, TX. These multi-scale methods achieved higher overall classification accuracies and Kappa coefficients than single-scale object-based classification methods. / Since the two dissertation methods used an automated algorithm (Random Forest) for image classification, they are also less subjective and easier to apply to other study areas than most existing multi-scale object-based methods that rely on expert knowledge (i.e. decision rules developed based on detailed visual inspection of image segments) for classifying each type of land cover. / by Brian A. Johnson. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2012. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2012. Mode of access: World Wide Web.

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by Sai-bun Wong. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 127-131). / Abstract --- p.v / Acknowledgment --- p.vii / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1-8 / Chapter 1.1 --- Overview --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2 --- Survey --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Objectives --- p.6 / Chapter 1.4 --- Thesis Organization --- p.7 / Chapter 2 --- Range Sensing --- p.9-30 / Chapter 2.1 --- Alternative Approaches to Range Sensing --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Size Constancy --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Defocusing --- p.11 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Deconvolution --- p.14 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Binolcular Vision --- p.18 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- Active Triangulation --- p.20 / Chapter 2.1.6 --- Time-of-Flight --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2 --- Transmitter and Detector in Active Sensing --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Acoustics --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Optics --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Microwave --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3 --- Conclusion --- p.29 / Chapter 3 --- Scanning Mirror --- p.31-47 / Chapter 3.1 --- Scanning Mechanisms --- p.31 / Chapter 3.2 --- Advantages of Scanning Mirror --- p.32 / Chapter 3.3 --- Feedback of Scanning Mirror --- p.33 / Chapter 3.4 --- Scanning Mirror Controller --- p.35 / Chapter 3.5 --- Point-to-Point Scanning --- p.39 / Chapter 3.6 --- Line Scanning --- p.39 / Chapter 3.7 --- Specifications and Measurements --- p.41 / Chapter 4 --- The Rangefinder with Reflectance Sensing --- p.48-58 / Chapter 4.1 --- Ambient Noises --- p.49 / Chapter 4.2 --- Occlusion/Shadow --- p.49 / Chapter 4.3 --- Accuracy and Precision --- p.50 / Chapter 4.4 --- Optics --- p.53 / Chapter 4.5 --- Range/Reflectance Crosstalk --- p.56 / Chapter 4.6 --- Summary --- p.58 / Chapter 5 --- Computer Generation of Range Map --- p.59-75 / Chapter 5.1 --- Homogenous Transformation --- p.61 / Chapter 5.2 --- From Global to Viewer Coordinate --- p.63 / Chapter 5.3 --- Z-buffering --- p.55 / Chapter 5.4 --- Generation of Range Map --- p.66 / Chapter 5.5 --- Experimental Results --- p.68 / Chapter 6 --- Characterization of Range Map --- p.76-90 / Chapter 6.1 --- Mean and Gaussian Curvature --- p.76 / Chapter 6.2 --- Methods of Curvature Generation --- p.78 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Convolution --- p.78 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Local Surface Patching --- p.81 / Chapter 6.3 --- Feature Extraction --- p.84 / Chapter 6.4 --- Conclusion --- p.85 / Chapter 7 --- Merging Multiple Characteristic Views --- p.91-119 / Chapter 7.1 --- Rigid Body Model --- p.91 / Chapter 7.2 --- Sub-rigid Body Model --- p.94 / Chapter 7.3 --- Probabilistic Relaxation Matching --- p.95 / Chapter 7.4 --- Merging the Sub-rigid Body Model --- p.99 / Chapter 7.5 --- Illustration --- p.101 / Chapter 7.6 --- Merging Multiple Characteristic Views --- p.104 / Chapter 7.7 --- Mislocation of Feature Extraction --- p.105 / Chapter 7.7.1 --- The Transform Matrix for Perfect Matching --- p.106 / Chapter 7.7.2 --- Introducing The Errors in Feature Set --- p.108 / Chapter 7.8 --- Summary --- p.113 / Chapter 8 --- Conclusion --- p.120-126 / References --- p.127-131 / Appendix A - Projection of Object --- p.A1-A2 / Appendix B - Performance Analysis on Rangefinder System --- p.B1-B16 / Appendix C - Matching of Two Characteristic views --- p.C1-C3

The aim of this thesis was to improve our understanding of plant – flow interactions and to develop new remote sensing techniques that would allow a marsh scale assessment of flow modification due to the presence of salt marsh vegetation. The limitations of current approaches which improve our understanding and prediction of tidal flows centre around poor assessments of canopy structure and mechanical properties. The validity of such simplified and reductionist assessments of canopy structure were tested and found to contribute considerable error in estimations of canopy frontal area and canopy drag. New metrics to assess canopy structure were tested as part of a flume study using two salt marsh species with varying form and architecture. Results from this experiment found that biomass located immediately below the water surface are important for determining fluid momentum losses in salt marsh canopies. These results led to the development of a new empirical based model using vertical measures of biomass and approach (incident) velocity which can accurately (R2 0.71) predict flow momentum losses. This suggests that the characteristic vegetation parameter and the drag coefficient may be substituted with vertical canopy biomass and an empirical coefficient. This may lead to more accurate assessments of canopy structure and thus comparable results across the literature as well as potentially apriori assignment of parameters in the force drag model. Vertical canopy biomass (3D biomass) was then estimated at the marsh scale using a combined remote sensing approach and an empirical model. Accurate assessments of the marsh surface are critical for hydrodynamic models and important if we are to determine vertical changes in canopy structure. The approach first identified marsh surface returns by operating a moving average smoothing filter on Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) data. The automated procedure detected vegetated and non–vegetated surfaces using aerial NDVI which calibrated the filter and ensured ALS returns were representative of marsh surface elevation. Using the marsh surface DEM, vegetation was reconstructed at 0.2 m grid cells. Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) was found to accurately quantify maximum canopy height (RMSE 0.14m) whilst a regression model using aerial NDVI and spatial coordinates gave reasonable predictions (RMSE 0.08kg/m2) of total plot canopy biomass within each 0.2 m cell across a ~20,000 m2 area of marsh. Ground measurements found the vertical distribution of canopy biomass followed a power law increase with elevation from the marsh bed. Combining all the approaches allowed the creation of a 3D assessment of canopy biomass with an average error of 30% of the mean amongst plots exhibiting larger canopy biomass ( > 0.4 kg/m2). This vertical measure of biomass can be combined with the flow momentum loss model generated in the flume experiment to assess hydrodynamic canopy drag potential at the marsh scale. Roughness coefficients can also be calculated using this approach which can be easily fed into commercially available numerical flow models.

During the past decades, the systematic investigation of the morphodynamics of meandering rivers mostly involved the theoreticalanalytical methodology. The development of analytical models enabled the definition of equilibrium conditions, stability and evolution of river meanders and to investigate the interaction between planform and bedform processes and mechanisms. In recent years the new branch of remote sensing applied to river morphodynamics has been constantly developing simultaneously to the rapid increase of computational and satellite resources. The remote sensing analysis xiii is nowadays employed in a wide range fields in geophysics; for this reason, the past years have seen the prolific development of numerous algorithms for remote sensing analysis. However, remote sensing of meandering river morphodynamics has not been consistently integrated with morphodynamic modelling so far. There is a lack of sophisticated algorithms for the extraction of extensive morphodynamic information from the available remotely sensed data; this gap prevented researchers from seeking systematic validation of analytical models to define their range of applicability, and to exploit their potential for improved insight on observations in real world meandering rivers. The evolutionary dynamics of the channel width, at local and bend scale, as well as the dynamics of bars in meandering rivers represent two major unsettled issues in our present understanding of river meandering dynamics. In this thesis I first provide a systematic methodology for the automated extraction of meandering river morphodynamic information from multitemporal, multispectral remotely sensed data, coded in the PyRIS software. Moreover, I develop an analytical model to investigate the long-term planform evolution of periodic sequences of meander bends incorporating spatio-temporal variations of channel curvature, width and slope. A first model component predicts the temporal evolution of the channel width and slope based on a novel treatment of the sediment continuity at the reach scale. A second model component is a fully analytical, evolutionary model of periodic meanders with spatially and temporally oscillating width accounting for nonlinear feedbacks in flow and sediment transport by means of a twoparameters perturbation approach. Application of the PyRIS software to several long reaches of freeflowing meandering rivers allows me to develop a consistent set of observations on the temporal and spatial evolution of channel width and curvature with unprecedented level of detail. Furthermore, model outcomes indicate that meander-averaged width and slope invariably decrease during meander development, and that the temporal adjustment of the hydraulic geometry is controlled by the ratio between the evolutionary timescales of planform and riverbed, quantified from the analyzed meandering rivers dataset. The nonlinear perturbation model indicates that width and curvature co-evolve according to a hysteretic behavior in time and predicts that the meander belt width dramatically decreases when the meander resonance threshold is crossed. The modelling approach predicts wider-at-bend meanders when the bank pull is dominant with respect to bar push, which in turn promotes meander bends that are wider at inflections. Analytical modeling and remote sensing analysis are mostly integrated through a statistical approach; bend-scale evolutionary analysis xiv of planform descriptors such as channel width, width oscillations and curvature in large pristine meandering rivers exhibit good agreement with the outcomes of the proposed analytical models. Finally, the integration between analytical modeling and remote sensing analysis allows me to identify the key processes controlling the interaction between migrating sediment bars and planform-driven steady point bars. The conditions for the formation of migrating bars in meandering rivers are mostly related to the production of sediment supply by the basin, contrarily to the widespread idea that meandering rivers exhibiting migrating bars typically display lower values of the channel curvature.