Οι σύγχρονες κοινωνίες καταναλώνουν τεράστιες ποσότητες ενέργειας για τη θέρμανση χώρων, τα μέσα μεταφοράς, την παραγωγή ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας, καθώς και για τη λειτουργία των βιομηχανικών μονάδων. Το μεγαλύτερο ποσοστό ενέργειας που χρησιμοποιείται προέρχεται από συμβατικές πηγές ενέργειας, όπως είναι το πετρέλαιο, η βενζίνη και ο άνθρακας, που αργά ή γρήγορα θα εξαντληθούν. Από την άλλη πλευρά, οι Ανανεώσιμες Πηγές Ενέργειας ανανεώνονται μέσω του κύκλου της φύσης και θεωρούνται πρακτικά ανεξάντλητες. Γενικά θεωρούνται οι εναλλακτικές των παραδοσιακών πηγών ενέργειας. Οι κυριότερες μορφές των ΑΠΕ είναι η υδροηλεκτρική ενέργεια, η θαλάσσια ενέργεια, η ενέργεια που προέρχεται από τη βιομάζα, η γεωθερμική ενέργεια, το υδρογόνο, η ηλιακή ενέργεια και η αιολική. Έχουν πολλά πλεονεκτήματα έναντι άλλων πηγών ενέργειας, όπως το γεγονός ότι είναι πρακτικά ανεξάντλητες, δε μολύνουν το περιβάλλον και έχουν χαμηλό λειτουργικό κόστος. Είναι εγχώριες πηγές ενέργειας και συνεισφέρουν στην ενίσχυση της ενεργειακής ανεξαρτησίας. Δημιουργούν σημαντικό αριθμό νέων θέσεων εργασίας. Αποτελούν πυρήνα για την αναζωογόνηση οικονομικά και κοινωνικά υποβαθμισμένων περιοχών και πόλο για τη τοπική ανάπτυξη, με την προώθηση ανάλογων επενδύσεων. Η αύξηση των επενδύσεων σε ΑΠΕ άρχισε να γίνεται ιδιαίτερα αισθητή την τελευταία δεκαετία όπου παρατηρείται έντονη άνοδος στην επενδυτική δραστηριότητα και συνεπώς στην εγκατεστημένη ισχύ μονάδων παραγωγής ενέργειας. Πέρα από τα μεγάλα υδροηλεκτρικά, που υπερέχουν σημαντικά ως προς την εγκατεστημένη ισχύ, το ενδιαφέρον επικεντρώνεται κυρίως στα αιολικά και στα φωτοβολταϊκά. Όμως, παρά την ανοδική τους τάση οι ΑΠΕ παραμένουν ανεπαρκώς ανεπτυγμένες, κυρίως αν ληφθούν υπόψη οι ευνοϊκές κλιματολογικές συνθήκες στη χώρα μας (πλούσιο αιολικό δυναμικό και υψηλό επίπεδο ηλιοφάνειας). Η ανάπτυξη των ΑΠΕ στη χώρα μας προωθείται από τους στόχους που έχουν τεθεί από την Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση, την αυξανόμενη ζήτηση ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας, από την πτώση του κόστους παραγωγής των ΑΠΕ και την ταυτόχρονη άνοδο του κόστος παραγωγής των συμβατικών καυσίμων καθώς και από το ευνοϊκό θεσμικό πλαίσιο που αφορά τις γενναιόδωρες επιδοτήσεις κεφαλαίου για την πραγματοποίηση επενδύσεων σε ΑΠΕ και την τιμολόγηση του παραγόμενου από ΑΠΕ ηλεκτρικού ρεύματος για την επόμενη εικοσαετία. Δυστυχώς η δυσχερής και χρονοβόρα διαδικασία αδειοδότησης, η έλλειψη χωροταξικού σχεδιασμού για τις ΑΠΕ, που επιτρέπει σε κάθε πολίτη να εμποδίσει την εγκατάσταση μονάδων με χρήση ΑΠΕ, καθώς και το γεγονός ότι η κατασκευή, λειτουργία και συντήρηση των μονάδων ηλεκτροπαραγωγής εξαρτάται από τους προμηθευτές και τη διαθεσιμότητα εξοπλισμού και πρώτων υλών εμποδίζουν πρακτικά την ανάπτυξη των ΑΠΕ στη χώρα μας. Το υπό διερεύνηση σύστημα που μελετάται είναι η σύνδεση ανεμογεννήτριας σε ισχυρό δίκτυο. Η ανεμογεννήτρια αποτελείται από τον ανεμοκινητήρα και τη σύγχρονη γεννήτρια. Επειδή η ένταση του ανέμου είναι μεταβλητή, για τη σωστή λειτουργία της σύγχρονης γεννήτριας χρησιμοποιούνται συστήματα ελέγχου προκειμένου να διατηρηθούν η τάση και η συχνότητα στις ονομαστικές τους τιμές. Στη συγκεκριμένη εργασία, γίνεται η προσομοίωση του υπό διερεύνηση συστήματος στο ATP-EMTP και παρατίθενται σχηματικά διαγράμματα για διάφορες τιμές της ταχύτητας του ανέμου συναρτήσει της ακτίνας του πτερυγίου και της αδράνειας του συστήματος. Η ταχύτητα του ανέμου κατέχει βασικό ρόλο στη συμπεριφορά της λειτουργίας μιας ανεμογεννήτριας. Καθώς αυξάνεται η ταχύτητα του ανέμου, αυξάνονται η γωνιακή ταχύτητα του ανεμοκινητήρα και η μηχανική ροπή στην είσοδο της σύγχρονης γεννήτριας, συνεπώς και η ροπή του ανεμοκινητήρα. Το χρονικό σημείο όπου το σύστημα εισέρχεται στη μόνιμη κατάσταση λειτουργίας είναι ίδιο, γεγονός που οφείλεται στη μη μεταβολή της αδράνειας του συστήματος. Επίσης παρατηρείται, ότι η αύξηση της ταχύτητας του ανέμου έχει σαν αποτέλεσμα η ισχύς του συστήματος να αυξάνεται όπως και είναι αναμενόμενο, αλλά από μια ταχύτητα του ανέμου και πάνω η παραγόμενη ισχύς δεν παρουσιάζει την ίδια συμπεριφορά γεγονός που οφείλεται στα λειτουργικά χαρακτηριστικά του ανεμοκινητήρα και στις χαρακτηριστικές που εκφράζουν τη λειτουργία του (cp (λ)). Συνεχίζοντας την ανάλυση του συστήματος του ανεμοκινητήρα παρατηρείται ότι καθώς η αδράνεια του συστήματος παραμένει σταθερή η γωνιακή ταχύτητα του ανεμοκινητήρα σταθεροποιείται χρονικά στο ίδιο σημείο για διαφορετικές τιμές της ταχύτητας του ανέμου, όπως και αναμένονταν. Κατά το αρχικό χρονικό διάστημα η γωνιακή ταχύτητα του ανεμοκινητήρα παρουσιάζεται ιδιαίτερα μεταβαλλόμενη, γεγονός που οφείλεται στον προσδιορισμό των αρχικών συνθηκών του συστήματος. Οι αρχικές συνθήκες των μεταβλητών του συστήματος θεωρούνται σταθερές για οποιαδήποτε τιμή της ταχύτητας του ανέμου (παραδοχή). Καθώς η αδράνεια μεγαλώνει υφίσταται μείωση των μεταβολών της γωνιακής ταχύτητας και η γωνιακή ταχύτητα ισορροπεί σε διαφορετικούς χρόνους για διάφορες τιμές της αδράνειας. Ένα άλλο βασικό μέγεθος που επηρεάζει τη λειτουργία μιας ανεμογεννήτριας είναι η ακτίνα των πτερυγίων της. Αυξάνοντας την ακτίνα των πτερυγίων, αυξάνεται η γωνιακή ταχύτητα του ανεμοκινητήρα καθώς και η ροπή εισόδου στη σύγχρονη γεννήτρια, και συνεπώς η παραγόμενη μηχανική ισχύς στην έξοδο του ανεμοκινητήρα. Έγινε και επιβεβαίωση των αποτελεσμάτων, αφού τόσο η μεταβολή της ακτίνας των πτερυγίων όσο και η μεταβολή της ταχύτητας του ανέμου οδήγησαν σε αντίστοιχα αποτελέσματα που ανταποκρίνονταν στις αναλυτικές εξισώσεις που εκφράζουν τον ανεμοκινητήρα και που παρουσιάστηκαν στη διπλωματική εργασία. Κατόπιν στο σύστημα προστίθεται σύγχρονη γεννήτρια συνδεδεμένη με τριφασικό ωμικό φορτίο. Προτιμήθηκε σύγχρονη γεννήτρια καθώς έχει τη δυνατότητα παραγωγής άεργου ισχύος σε αντίθεση με την ασύγχρονη, και για αυτό το λόγο πλέον χρησιμοποιούνται περισσότερο συγκριτικά με τα προηγούμενα έτη. Τελειώνοντας, συνδέεται η ανεμογεννήτρια σε ισχυρό δίκτυο, και παρουσιάζονται αποτελέσματα που αφορούν τα ρεύματα στο εσωτερικό της μηχανής αλά και στην έξοδό της, καθώς και οι τάσεις του συστήματος και η γωνιακή ταχύτητα. Επίσης γίνεται διερεύνηση της λειτουργικής συμπεριφοράς του συστήματος σε περιπτώσεις σφαλμάτων συμμετρικών και μη. Επισημαίνεται ότι το ρεύμα διέγερσης Ιf δεν αλλάζει τιμή καθώς το σύστημα δεν διαθέτει έλεγχο. Παρ’ όλ’ αυτά έγινε προσπάθεια προσομοίωσης της σύγχρονης γεννήτριας που επιλέχθει με τα συστήματα ελέγχου P-f, Q-V και για τα οποία παρουσιάστηκαν τα αντίστοιχα σχηματικά διαγράμματα. / The Renewable Sources of Energy are considered generally as the alternatives to the traditional sources of energy. They are thus named because most of them are renewed in the nature. They are immediately used (mainly for heating) or changed into other forms of energy (electric or mechanic energy). It is calculated that the bigger part of electric energy that is produced worldwide, is produced by stations that use RSE. They have a lot of advantages against other sources of energy, as the fact that they are practically inexhaustible; they do not pollute the environment and have low functional cost. As main forms of RSE are reported the hydroelectric energy, the marine energy, the energy that emanate from the biomass, the geothermal energy, the hydrogen, the solar energy and aeolian. The growth of RSE in our country is promoted by the objectives that have been placed by the European Union, the increasing demand of electric energy, from the fall of cost of production of RSE and the simultaneous rise in the cost of conventional fuels production, as well as from the favorable institutional frame that concerns the generous capital subsidies for the realization of investments in RSE and the pricing produced from RSE of electric current for the next 20 years. Unfortunately, the awkward and time-consuming process of vacations awarding, the lack of land-planning for the RSE, that allows in each citizen to prevent the installation of units with use of RSE, as well as the fact that the manufacture, operation and maintenance of units for electricity generation depends on the suppliers and the availability of equipment and raw material, prevents practically the growth of RSE in our country. The system under investigation is the connection of wind generator in powerful network. The wind generator is constituted by a wind-motor and a synchronous generator. The wind turns the fins of wind generator, which are connected with a turned axis. The axis passes in a box of movement transmission, where the speed of rotation is increased. The box is connected with axis of big speed of rotation, which moves an electricity production generator. If the intensity of wind is strengthened too much, the turbine has a brake that limits the excessive increase of rotation of the fins in order to limit its deterioration and to avoid destruction. For the right operation of synchronous generator are used control systems so that tendency and frequency are maintained in their nominal prices. In conclusion, a simulation of the system is presented in the ATP-EMTP and schematic diagrams are mentioned on various prices of wind speed in connection with the beam of fins of wind generator and the system’s inactivity.

The aim of my thesis is to create a comprehensive overview of energy law with special focus on its influence on the environment. It especially deals with individual renewable energy sources and their support, construction of facilities utilizing these sources and their impact on the environment. Last but not least, in each chapter I draw attention to recent or expected amendments to relevant legislation. In the first chapter I divide sources of energy into the fossil, nuclear and renewable ones. Besides presenting the basic characteristics of such sources, I also deal with the time period in which the humankind will run out of their supplies, as well as with detrimental effects that their mining and processing have on the environment. Based on the classification included in the Act on the Promotion of Renewable Energy Sources, I continue with classifying the renewable energy sources to wind power, energy of water and solar radiation, geothermal energy, biomass and biogas. I consider their benefits, but also their harmful effects on the environment. Each subchapter also contains a part that deals with the potential of such resources in the Czech Republic. Since Czech energy law is influenced by both international and European laws, I dedicate the next chapter to them. On the level of international...

The aim of my thesis is to analyze the energy policy in Germany and its future development. There are many external and internal factors influencing the way how the energy policy is going to evolve. One of these factors is the common European energy policy. In order to cover its energy demand, EU is forced to establish a comprehensive energy policy on the European level. The increasing pressure caused by the combination of external and internal factors calls for better cooperation on this field. The key element of the future energy policy in EU will be the renewable sources of energy.

Diploma thesis deals with analysis of internal microclima of the building , evaluation of its thermal and technical properties and it also deals with its energy comsumption. With using simuation programm, there was designed solutions which will lead not only to lowering of energy consumption but also to improvemnt of komfort for students and tachers.

Atualmente, há uma tendência mundial alinhada a aprofundar os estudos sobre fontes inovadoras de energia. Essa é uma necessidade premente na atualidade, embora se possa considerá-la retardatária diante da percepção do problema da poluição pelo uso de combustíveis fósseis (petróleo e carvão) e o conseqüente impacto ambiental. O desequilíbrio do sistema terrestre traz como resultado a alteração dos ecossistemas individualmente. A compreensão de todos os ecossistemas tornou-se um tema de alta relevância e complexidade, pois, ao tempo que se defronta com uma estrutura produtiva instalada e de grandes investimentos, também condiciona, pelo seu poder de alteração ambiental, como ameaça ao equilíbrio da biodiversidade das espécies terrestres. A realização de pesquisas que abordam sobre novas fontes de energia e sua praticidade é uma ação que visa ao desenvolvimento sustentável. O aproveitamento do potencial dos recursos naturais renováveis, sejam de natureza física da própria condição natural do planeta, e/ou por meio de novas formas produtivas e aproveitamento energético, são, no momento, imposições diante das alterações ambientais. Por tal motivo, o objetivo principal dessa pesquisa é estudar a potencialidade de fontes de energias renováveis, na Planície Costeira Norte do Rio Grande do Sul (PCNRS), gerando valor agregado às atividades com vocação regional e colaborando para a diminuição do impacto ambiental. O resultado obtido é a elaboração de um produto de Sistemas de Informação Geográfica, representativo do potencial energético da planície costeira. / Nowadays, there is a worldwide tendency to deepen the studies about innovative sources of energy. Although this is an urgent need now, we can consider it late in view of the perception of the pollution caused by the use of fossil fuels (petrol and coal) and the consequent environmental impact. The imbalance of the terrestrial system results in the ecosystem alteration individually. The comprehension of all the ecosystems became an extremely relevant and complex subject, because at the same time it faces an installed productive structure of great investments, it also represents a threat to the balance of biodiversity of terrestrial species due to its power of environmental alteration. Carrying out studies that tackle new energy sources and their practicality is an action that aims at sustainable development. The good use of the potential of renewable natural resources, either of physical nature of the planet natural condition itself and/or through new productive ways and energetic use are now impositions in relation to the environmental alterations. For this reason, the main objective of this research is to study the renewable energy potential in the coastal area of Rio Grande do Sul north coast, generating aggregate value to the activities with regional vocation and collaborating to decrease the environmental impact. The result obtained is the elaboration of a product of Geographical Information System, representative of the energy potential of the coastal area.

Atualmente, há uma tendência mundial alinhada a aprofundar os estudos sobre fontes inovadoras de energia. Essa é uma necessidade premente na atualidade, embora se possa considerá-la retardatária diante da percepção do problema da poluição pelo uso de combustíveis fósseis (petróleo e carvão) e o conseqüente impacto ambiental. O desequilíbrio do sistema terrestre traz como resultado a alteração dos ecossistemas individualmente. A compreensão de todos os ecossistemas tornou-se um tema de alta relevância e complexidade, pois, ao tempo que se defronta com uma estrutura produtiva instalada e de grandes investimentos, também condiciona, pelo seu poder de alteração ambiental, como ameaça ao equilíbrio da biodiversidade das espécies terrestres. A realização de pesquisas que abordam sobre novas fontes de energia e sua praticidade é uma ação que visa ao desenvolvimento sustentável. O aproveitamento do potencial dos recursos naturais renováveis, sejam de natureza física da própria condição natural do planeta, e/ou por meio de novas formas produtivas e aproveitamento energético, são, no momento, imposições diante das alterações ambientais. Por tal motivo, o objetivo principal dessa pesquisa é estudar a potencialidade de fontes de energias renováveis, na Planície Costeira Norte do Rio Grande do Sul (PCNRS), gerando valor agregado às atividades com vocação regional e colaborando para a diminuição do impacto ambiental. O resultado obtido é a elaboração de um produto de Sistemas de Informação Geográfica, representativo do potencial energético da planície costeira. / Nowadays, there is a worldwide tendency to deepen the studies about innovative sources of energy. Although this is an urgent need now, we can consider it late in view of the perception of the pollution caused by the use of fossil fuels (petrol and coal) and the consequent environmental impact. The imbalance of the terrestrial system results in the ecosystem alteration individually. The comprehension of all the ecosystems became an extremely relevant and complex subject, because at the same time it faces an installed productive structure of great investments, it also represents a threat to the balance of biodiversity of terrestrial species due to its power of environmental alteration. Carrying out studies that tackle new energy sources and their practicality is an action that aims at sustainable development. The good use of the potential of renewable natural resources, either of physical nature of the planet natural condition itself and/or through new productive ways and energetic use are now impositions in relation to the environmental alterations. For this reason, the main objective of this research is to study the renewable energy potential in the coastal area of Rio Grande do Sul north coast, generating aggregate value to the activities with regional vocation and collaborating to decrease the environmental impact. The result obtained is the elaboration of a product of Geographical Information System, representative of the energy potential of the coastal area.

Atualmente, há uma tendência mundial alinhada a aprofundar os estudos sobre fontes inovadoras de energia. Essa é uma necessidade premente na atualidade, embora se possa considerá-la retardatária diante da percepção do problema da poluição pelo uso de combustíveis fósseis (petróleo e carvão) e o conseqüente impacto ambiental. O desequilíbrio do sistema terrestre traz como resultado a alteração dos ecossistemas individualmente. A compreensão de todos os ecossistemas tornou-se um tema de alta relevância e complexidade, pois, ao tempo que se defronta com uma estrutura produtiva instalada e de grandes investimentos, também condiciona, pelo seu poder de alteração ambiental, como ameaça ao equilíbrio da biodiversidade das espécies terrestres. A realização de pesquisas que abordam sobre novas fontes de energia e sua praticidade é uma ação que visa ao desenvolvimento sustentável. O aproveitamento do potencial dos recursos naturais renováveis, sejam de natureza física da própria condição natural do planeta, e/ou por meio de novas formas produtivas e aproveitamento energético, são, no momento, imposições diante das alterações ambientais. Por tal motivo, o objetivo principal dessa pesquisa é estudar a potencialidade de fontes de energias renováveis, na Planície Costeira Norte do Rio Grande do Sul (PCNRS), gerando valor agregado às atividades com vocação regional e colaborando para a diminuição do impacto ambiental. O resultado obtido é a elaboração de um produto de Sistemas de Informação Geográfica, representativo do potencial energético da planície costeira. / Nowadays, there is a worldwide tendency to deepen the studies about innovative sources of energy. Although this is an urgent need now, we can consider it late in view of the perception of the pollution caused by the use of fossil fuels (petrol and coal) and the consequent environmental impact. The imbalance of the terrestrial system results in the ecosystem alteration individually. The comprehension of all the ecosystems became an extremely relevant and complex subject, because at the same time it faces an installed productive structure of great investments, it also represents a threat to the balance of biodiversity of terrestrial species due to its power of environmental alteration. Carrying out studies that tackle new energy sources and their practicality is an action that aims at sustainable development. The good use of the potential of renewable natural resources, either of physical nature of the planet natural condition itself and/or through new productive ways and energetic use are now impositions in relation to the environmental alterations. For this reason, the main objective of this research is to study the renewable energy potential in the coastal area of Rio Grande do Sul north coast, generating aggregate value to the activities with regional vocation and collaborating to decrease the environmental impact. The result obtained is the elaboration of a product of Geographical Information System, representative of the energy potential of the coastal area.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T13:40:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lindoneide capa e listas.pdf: 74259 bytes, checksum: 1a14845a411765b3bc14028af265b73f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-02-20 / This study aims at surveying improvements in the life standards of the small rural producers of the Roque community starting from an alternative power generating project called Vegetal Oils for the Generation of Power and Valuation of Biodiversity in Isolated Communities from the Mid-Juruá Extrativist Reserve in the Municipal District of Carauarí in the State of Amazonas (Brazil) , whose objective is to develop an experiment using biomass from vegetal oils obtained from native species to generate electric power, as well as to promote value enhancement to the local biodiversity and improvement in the living standards of local communities. Data collected for the execution of this work have been obtained from secondary sources, bibliographical survey, participative observation and semi-structured interviews. The subjects of this study were constituted by the leaders of the community in question. The study indicates that the proposal of the project is related to the assumption that the perspectives of the expected results are related to the social, economic efficiency and ecological prudence considerations. Therefore the proposal of sustainable development cannot be carried out in isolation, since in its definition the above considerations are not detached from the totality. / Este estudo tem como objetivo averiguar as melhorias de vida dos pequenos produtores rurais da comunidade do Roque, a partir de um projeto de alternativas energéticas: Projeto Óleos Vegetais para Geração de Energia e valorização da Biodiversidade em Comunidades Isoladas da Reserva Extrativista do Médio Juruá, Município de Carauarí-AM , cujo objetivo é desenvolver uma experimento, usando a biomassa, proveniente de óleos vegetais de espécies nativas para geração de energia elétrica, bem como proporcionar a valorização da biodiversidade local e melhoria nas condições de vida das populações locais. Os dados coletados para a realização deste trabalho, foram obtidos em fontes secundárias no projeto, levantamento bibliográfico, observação participante e entrevista semi- estruturada. Os sujeitos deste estudo se constituiu de lideranças da referida comunidade. O estudo indica que a proposta do referido projeto suscita o pressuposto de que as perspectivas dos resultados esperados estão relacionados as vertentes do tripé social, eficiência econômica e prudência ecológica. Portanto, a proposta de desenvolvimento sustentável não pode ser efetivada de forma isolada, pois na sua definição, essas vertentes não estão desarticuladas da totalidade.

The subject of this thesis is to evaluate investments in biogas plant purchased by company AGRA Deštná, a.s., which is located in Deštná, near Jindřichův Hradec. The thesis is divided into two main parts. The theoretical part is devoted to theoretical assumptions of investment evaluation, grants, theories and legislation related to the biogas plant. The practical part of the thesis describes the current situation of the company, investment, and economic evaluation of investment in the construction of biogas plants.

This thesis is a proposal for a business plan for the construction of biogas plants. The first part is to find a theoretical basis of the work. The second section analyzes the current situation of the company. After a chapter with a proposal for investment in construction of biogas plants, the economic part and final part of the evaluation indicated the proposed solution.